Building Economics
D12BD
Dr Marcus Ahadzi /
Coursework 1
The Individual Submission
Filip Hegner
24th February 2005
Table of Contents:
Forwarding Letter (B) / 2Table of Contents / 3
PART1
1. / Project Title / 4
2. / Project description / 4
2.1. / Description / 4
2.2. / Site conditions / 4
2.3. / Process of works / 4
2.4. / Specification of elements and materials of new buildings / 5
Project drawings / 6-8
3. / Total cost / 9
3.1 / Demolition cost / 9
3.2. / Construction cost / 9
Historical project drawings / 10-14
3.3. / Procurement cost / 15
3.4. / Land cost / 16
Total cost / 16
4. / Group Elemental Cost Plan / 17
5. / Key dates/Programme / 18
6. / The Team / 19
7. / Procurement route / 19
8. / Contract Type / 19
PART 2
9. / Environmental/sustainability issues / 20
9.1. / Sustainability issues / 20
9.2. / Types of materials / 20
9.3. / Greenery / 20
9.4. / Cars, bicycles, pedestrians / 21
9.5. / 24-hours lightning / 21
9.6. / Conclusions and Recommendations / 21
10. / References / 21
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PART 1
1. Project Title
4 No 1 & 2 Bedroom Apartments at Imprex Close, Edinburgh
- budget forecast and environmental issues
2. Project description
2.1. Description
Building of 4 new apartments blocks at Imprex Close in Edinburgh. There are two apartments (1 or 2 bedroom, see drawings) with balconies on each of 4 storeys, so that means 32 new apartments together.
They have plan 17.5 × 8.6m and are 14.0m high including the slanting roof. For used materials see chapter 2.4. Staircase is situated in the central part of building.
External works including footpaths, car parks, landscaping, fencing, drainage services and underpinning to adjacent structure are associated.
Four blocks are built in a “U” shape around car parks (36 parking places), the access is from Imprex Close. 31 family houses border Imprex Close on the other side. There is a large grassy open space on the south of the site.
2.2. Site conditions
The site is currently occupied by disused factory consisting of two steel warehouses which will need to be demolished to make a brown field’s site.
2.3. Process of works
1. Demolition of 2 derelict metal framed warehouses.
2. Level demolition site with moderate ground conditions (+ building drainage services and underpinning to adjacent structure).
3. Excavations and building substructure.
4. Building superstructure.
5. Completing internal finishes and installation of fittings.
6. Doing external works - footpaths, car parks, landscaping, fencing (Imprex Close which links the Highfields Lane to the site and the public open space where constructed two years ago and therefore is in very good conditions).
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2.4. Specification of elements and materials of new buildings
Element / Specification1 / Substructure / Concrete strip and pad foundations. Insuitu concrete ground slab.
2B / Upper floors / Precast concrete panels.
2C / Roof / Timber trussed roof with concrete interlocking tiles. Rainwater goods.
2D / Stairs / Precast concrete stairs. Steal railings.
2E / External walls / Precast concrete blocks cavity walls. Insulation and facing brick revetment on external side.
2F / Windows and external doors / Double glazed softwood windows. Metal external doors.
2G / Internal walls and partitions / Plaster board or precast concrete blocks cavity walls.
2H / Internal doors / Flush internal doors.
3A / Wall finishes / White plaster or battens. Ceramic tiles around sanitary fittings.
3B / Floor finishes / Tongued and grooved chipboards on battens or tiles.
3C / Ceiling finishes / White plaster.
4 / Fittings / Kitchen units and sanitary fittings, rails.
5A / Sanitary appliances / Sinks, wash basins, WC suites, bath.
5C / Disposal installations / uPVC soil and waste disposal system.
5D / Water installations / Copper hot and cold water pipe work.
5F / Space heating and air treatment / Gas fired central heating system with steel panel type radiators.
5G / Ventilating system / Local mechanical ventilation.
5H / Electric installations / Electric light and power.
5L / Communications installations / Door entry system.
5N / Builder’s work in connection / Normal builder’s work in connection with services.
6A / Site works / Concrete blocks and slab paving, foothpaths, metal fencing, street lighting, grassed and planted areas. Demolition of 2 derelict metal framed warehouses.
6B / Drainage / Clay and uPVC pipe work,concrete beds and surrounds, manholes.
6C / External services / Trenches for electricity, gas and water installations.
6D / Minor building works / Minor buildings works.
7 / Preliminaries / 10% of remainder of total contract, sum excluding contingencies.
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3. Total cost
3.1. Demolition cost
Demolition of 2 derelict metal framed warehouses size 36 × 12 × 5m maximum high.
Appraisal… 40,000£
3.2. Construction cost
3.2.1. Gross Internal Floor Area (GIFA)
Frontal side… (3130+100+1860+100+3010) × 2 + 300 = 16700mm
Lateral side… 3110 + 100 + 4550 = 7810mm
16.7 × 7.81 = 130.43m²
Entrance… 3.0 × 1.0 = 3.0 m²
Niche… 3.0 × 1.25 = 3.75 m²
1 level… 130.43 + 3.0 = 133.43m²
2, 3, 4 level… 130.43 – 3.75 = 126.68m²
GIFA of one apartment block
133.43 + 3 × 126.68 = 513.47m²
GIFA of 4 apartment blocks
4 × 513.47 = 2053.88m²
3.2.2. Historical project
Flats (apartments) – 38
BCIS analysis number: 17528
77-79 High Street, Arbroath
2 blocks of flats together with associated external works including macadam access road, footpaths, pcc pavings, landscaping, timber fencing, drainage services and underpinning to adjacent structure.
Level demolition site with moderate ground conditions. Excavations above and below water table. Restricted site access and working space.
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3.2.3. Comparison and calculation
Historical project / New projectfactor / factor
GIFA / 833m² / 2053.88m²
£ per m² / 534.75 / 534.75
Time / III.-IV.1997 / 140 / II.2005-III.2006 / 224-236= 230
Location / Arbroath, Tayside / 0.95 / Edinburgh, Scotland / 0.95
market condition / 7 from 7 / high / +2% => 1.02
Size / 445,443£ / 1.06 / 2053.88×534.7
=1098,210£ / 1.01
procurement route / selected competition / 1.00 / selected competition / 1.00
type of work / new build / 0.99 / new build / 0.99
Height / 3 storeys / 1.02 / 4 storeys / 1.04
Other features are very similar therefore they don’t have significant influence on the cost.
£ per m²: £
total £: = 1,788,026£
3.3. Procurement cost
3.3.1. Consultants’ Fees
Consultant Cost 8% of construction cost 0.08 × 1,788,026 = 143,042£
3.3.2. Other Fees (legal, of permits, of finance, etc.)
Fees 1.5% of construction cost 0.015 × 1,788,026 = 26,820£
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3.4. Land cost
Dimensions of the site: m²
Cost in £ per m² (in Edinburgh): 220£/m²
Land cost 2890 × 220 = 635,800£
Total cost (including land):
40,000 + 1,788,026 + 143,042 + 26,820 + 635,800 = 2,633,688£ ±2%
Demolition + Constr. + Consultant + Fees + Land ± contingencies
Total cost (excluding land):
40,000 + 1,788,026 + 143,042 + 26,820 = 1,997,888£ ±2%
Demolition + Construction + Consultant + Fees ± contingencies
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4. Group Elemental Cost Plan
Element / Percentage of construction cost / Total cost of element £ / £ per m²Substructure / 6% / 107,282 / 52.23
Superstructure / 50% / 894,013 / 435.28
Internal finishes / 5% / 89,401 / 43.53
Fittings / 3% / 53,641 / 26.12
Services / 15% / 268,204 / 130.58
Building sub-total / 79% / 1,412,541 / 687.74
External works / 8% / 143,042 / 69.64
Preliminaries / 13% / 232,443 / 113.17
Contingencies
Total / 100% / 1,788,026 / 870.56
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5. Key dates/Programme
Month / MAR05 / APR / MAY / JUN / JUL / AUG / SEPT / OCT05-JUN06Strategic Briefing
Outline Proposals
Detailed Proposals
Development Control Application
Final Proposals
Production Information
Statutory Approvals
Sub-Contractors' Input
Tender Documentation
Tender Action
Report on Tenders & Let Contract
Mobilisation
Construction to Practical Completion
All - preliminaries and also construction – will be done in a year and quarter.
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6. The Team
Client/Owner
+ Client/Owner advisor
+ Financiers
Designers and consultants:
- Architect
- Consulting Engineers
- Building Surveyors
- Landscape architect
- Quantity Surveyor
- Interior Designer
- Investments Analysis Surveyors
Contractors:
- General contractor
- Domestic sub-contractor
- Specialist
- Manufactures/Suppliers
- Utilities
7. Procurement route
A traditional procurement route will be used with a selective single stage tendering system.
This type of procurement is well known and tested within the U.K. The client has to understand that even if the design is fully estimated the final costs will not be known at the tender stage.
This particular procurement programme is established to suit the client’s needs. The client has the advantage of selecting the consultants and then also owns the design. It also allows the client to make changes to the design which the other contractors have selected.
8. Contract Type
The contract that is be used is JCT private contract 1980 edition.
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PART 2
9. Environmental/sustainability issues
The construction of the new blocks of apartments, these new buildings and also surroundings is going to be environmentally friendly as possible.
9.1. Sustainability issues
The new buildings is going to save energy as more as possible. A sufficient kind and sufficient amount of thermal insulation provides small thermal losses. Of course, the type of widows is very important, it has to be used double glazed windows for better thermal insulation. These arrangements are expensive, but very useful and their cost will be given back in a few years as economy of energy. And surely, energy wasting has very bad impact on the environmental.
With this is connected way of heating. It is going to be used any kind of environmentally friendly way of heating, for example gas heating or central heating.
Also solar collectors could be installed on the roof to generate some amount of energy or provide partial heating of water. It doesn’t consume any energy and doesn’t cause pollution.
9.2. Types of materials
The building is designed of precast concrete cavity blocks. They are cheep and their production is environmentally friendly and don’t consume so much energy and natural resources. The construction of precast concrete cavity blocks and precast concrete ceiling panels minimises waste of energy and materials. It is also very quick, therefore the construction doesn’t disturb surroundings by noise, dust, transportation, etc. for a long time.
Other used materials are natural and people’s usage friendly (timber - floors, windows, roof truss) or cheep and functional an also easily and energy economically produced (plaster board – internal walls, etc.).
The lifespan of the building and all materials is minimally 30 years, but with regularly maintenance and small repairs it is much more longer.
9.3. Greenery
There is a large grassy open space on the south of the site. It is nice place for spending time of people and also children and the view on this side is beautiful and pleasant.
There is going to be planted trees out on the site, especially around car parks. Maximum part of surfaces is going to be grassy or green.
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9.4. Cars, bicycles, pedestrians
The car parks occupied too much land. It will be eventually better to build underground parking, it would protect the cars against weather and crime and also save a land for greenery and natural surfaces. This arrangement is unfortunately too expensive, but very advisable.
There would be stands for bicycles near buildings, to make easy to store and use bicycles for occupants. The more ecological ways (bicycles, walking => no pollution) of transport would be encouraged especially for shorter routes.
9.5. 24-hours lightning
The public lightning around and semi-private inside the buildings has to be designed because of safety. But it should be also designed to minimise waste of electricity. This can be achieved for example by lightning with connection of motion detectors which determine if the lightning is needed or not. Also the outside lightning should be designed for lighting or not according to the amount of daylight.
9.6. Conclusions and Recommendations
It has to be taken account of consumption of energy and making pollution at choice of materials, construction methods, way of heating, lighting, etc. It is very important to use environmentally friendly materials, methods and ways.
The surroundings and scenery should be pleasant and green, greenery is very important. Land should be occupied by greenery and not serve to cars and people should be encouraged to use ecological ways of transport.
We have to conform to these rules to make environment and future sustainable.
10. References
1. BCIS - Surveys of Tender Prices, London 2004
2. Handouts of course Building Economics by Dr Marcus Ahadzi
3. Web pages
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