BSC 1085 LAB
Dr. Vince Scialli
Rev. 12/07 BSC 1085 LAB
Hawk Net/Campus Cruiser may be accessed by going to the HCC Home page. At the bottom right menu, click on Hawk Net. Select the second caption Hawk Net/Campus Cruiser. Log in by entering your first initial and last name as a single entity (example = jsmith). Enter your student ID. Your personal page will open if you are registered and your fees have been paid. Select this course name and section number. Select “shared files” in the left vertical menu. Select the file you wish to open. Print or save to a disk if you wish.
Exam I - Study Guide – MICROSCOPE & HISTOLOGY
Know proper lab procedures and safety procedures as outlined in the lab manual.
Be able to identify the parts of the microscope as described in the lab manual and illustrated on your Hawk Net / Campus Cruiser Course page under “shared files”.
Understand the function of the microscope movable parts.
Understand the power magnifications of the four objective microscope lenses and the one ocular lens.
Be able to identify the major cell structures listed below:
Nucleus Cell Membrane Cilia
Microvilli Cytosol Centriole
Mitochondria Free Ribosomes Lysomes
Fixed ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Cytokeleton
Golgi Apparatus
Know the four different types of tissue found in the body as described in the Saladin text Chapter 5 or as illustrated on your Hawk Net / Campus Cruiser Course page under “shared files”. Study the Wall Charts in the Lab.
.
Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscle Tissue
Be able to identify the cell types listed below and know (location) where they may be found in the body. The best way to learn these are by the pictorial charts on the lab walls and as illustrated on your Hawk Net / Campus Cruiser Course page under “shared files”. You should use the pictures in the text and on the lab wall to help you identify the histology slides provided to you during your lab period.
Know the Histology illustrations in your lab manual and as illustrated on your Hawk Net / Campus Cruiser Course page under “shared files”.
Be Able to identify the following tissue illustrated on your Hawk Net / Campus Cruiser Course page under “shared files”.
Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue
Simple Squamous – blood vessels Connective Tissue Proper Stratified Squamous
Simple Cuboidal - glands Adipose Tissue - vacuole
Stratified Cuboidal – gland ducts Areolar Tissue
Simple Columnar Reticular Tissue - parenchyma
Stratified Columnar Dense Regular Tissue
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar collagen
Transitional Epithelium - bladder Dense Irregular Tissue
Glandular Epithelium Elastic Tissue
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Fibroblast Cells
Layers of skin epidermis – “stratum” Matrix
Cilia – respiratory tract Collagen
Microvilli – digestive tract
Lumen - opening Blood
Goblet Cells – produce mucous Leukocytes Neutrophils
Keratin – skin protein (WBC’S) Eosinophils
Epidermis Basophils
Dermis Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Muscle Tissue Red Blood Cells ~ RBC’s
Platelets
Skeletal Muscle Plasma - Matrix
Nuclei
Striations Cartilage
Cardiac Muscle Fibrocartilage
Nucleus Hyaline Cartilage
Striations Elastic Cartilage
Intercalated Discs Chondrocyte Cell Matrix
Smooth Muscle
Nuclei Bone
No Striations
Osteon
Nervous Tissue Matrix – Ca+ & P-
Haversian Canal – (Central)
Neuron Osteocytes in lacunae
Dendrites Osteon
Axon Canaliculi
Cell Body Lamella - Concentric Rings
Pyramidal Cells - cerebrum Periosteum
Purkingi Cells - cerebellum Central Canal (Haversian)
Exam 2 - Study Guide – SKELETON
Know the illustrations in your lab manual and those illustrated on your Hawk Net / Campus Cruiser Course page under “shared files” for all structures & terminology listed below !
The Saladin “Visual Atlas for Anatomy & Physiology” is also helpful
General Body Terminology
Anatomical Regions
Directional Terms & References
Sectional Planes – Anatomical Planes
Body Cavities
Axial Skeleton ~ The Skull
Parietal Bones Coronal Suture Infraorbital Foramen
Occipital Bone Saggital Suture Supraorbital Foramen
Frontal Bone Lamdoidal Suture Foramen Magnum
Temporal Bones Squamous Suture Auditory Canal
Sphenoid Bone Zygomatic Arch Acoustic Meatus
Ethmoid Bone Mental Protruberance Optic Canal
Maxillary Bone Mental Foramen Orbit – Orbit Bones
Mandible Bone Occipital Protruberance Mental Foramen
Zygomatic Bones (Arch) Naso-Lacrimal Duct Nasal Concha
Lacrimal Bone Sella Turcica Cribiform Plate
Nasal Bone Styloid Process Hyoid Bone Palatine Bone Mastoid Process TMJ
Vomer Bone Frontal Sinus Temporal-Mandibular Nasal Septum Incisive Fossa Junction
Axial Skeleton ~ Vertebral Column
Cervical Vertebrae (7) Vertebral Body
Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Transverse Process
Lumbar Vertebrae (5) Spinous Process
Sacral Vertebrae (1) - 5 fused Vertebral Foramen
Coccygeal Vertebrae (1) Intervertebral Space
Atlas ~ (C-1) I ntervertebral Disc
Axis ~ (C-2) Intervertebral Foramen
Atlanto-Occipital Joint Sacral Foramen
Tailbone (coccygeal vertebrae) Sacral Curve
Lumbo-Sacral Joint = junction of L-5 & S-1 vertebrae . . .most common area
for lower back pain , degenerative changes & arthritis
Axial Skeleton ~ Thoracic Cage Ribs
Sternum Floating Ribs (11-12)
Manibrium True Ribs (8-12) Sternal Body False Ribs (8-12
Xiphoid Process Rib Head
Jugular Notch Rib Neck
Clavicle Rib Tubercle
Clavicular Articulation
Costal Cartilage
Costal-chondral Junction
Appendicular Skeleton
Upper Appendages:
Clavicle ~ collar bone Sternal End Acromial End
Scapula ~ shoulder blade Acromion Body Subscapular Fossa Coracoid Process Glenoid Cavity Spine of Scapula
Humerus ~ Upper Arm Head Lateral Epicondyle Shaft Medial Epicondyle
Greater Tubercle Trochlea
Lesser Tubercle Olecranon Fossa
Radius & Ulna ~ Lower Arm
Ulna Radius
Olecranon Radial Head ~ proximal end
Trochlear Notch Styloid Process
Ulnar Head Radial Notch ~ radius & ulna Styloid Process articulation
Wrist & Hand
Wrist ~ Carpel Bones (8 each side) – “Carpal Joint”
Hand ~ Phalanges (14 each hand)
Metacarpal Bones (I, II, III, IV, V) “Thumb = One”
Proximal Phalanges ~ phalynx
Middle Phalanges ~ phalynx
Distal Phalanges ~ phalynx
Carpal Joint = articulation of distal end of radius & ulna and carpal
bones
Lower Appendages
Pelvic Girdle ~ Os Coxae (half of pelvis)
Ilium Ischium Pubis
Iliac Crest ~ hip Obturator Foramen Pubic Symphasis
Acetabulum
Pelvic Outlet
Sacrum ~ fused vertebrae Sacral Foramen
Coccyx ~ coccygeal vertebrae ~ tail bone
Sacroiliac Joint – Articulation between ilium & sacral vertebrae
Femur ~ Upper Leg Femoral Head Shaft
Neck Lateral Condyle
Greater Trochanter Medial Condyle
Lesser Trochanter Popliteal Surface
Patella ~ Knee cap Apex
Base of Patella Patella Ligament (patella to tibia)
Patella Tendon (quadracepts tendon)
Tibia & Fibula ~ Lower Leg
Tibia Fibula
Medial Condyle Head of Fibula
Lateral Condyle Lateral Malleous
Tibial Tuberosity
Medial Malleous
Ankle and Foot
Ankle ~ Tarsal Bones (7 each side)
Foot ~ Phalanges (14 each foot)
Metatarsal Bones (I, II, III, IV, V) Calcaneus (heel)
Proximal Phalanges ~ phalynx Middle Phalanges ~ phalynx
Distal Phalanges ~ phalynx Hallux (big toe)
Longitudinal Arch Transverse Arch
Major Body Joints ~ Synovial Joints (free moving joints)
Shoulder Joint ~ glenoid cavity, clavicle, scapula, humerus
Elbow Joint ~ collateral ligaments, humerus & ulna Hip Joint ~ femur head ligament, femur & ilium acetabulum
Knee Joint ~ patella ligament, collateral ligaments (MCL &
LCL), cruciate ligaments (ACL & PCL), & femur
& tibia
Exam 3 - Study Guide - MUSCLES
Know the illustrations in your lab manual and those illustrated on your Hawk Net / Campus Cruiser Course page under “shared files” for all structures & terminology listed below !
The Saladin “Visual Atlas for Anatomy & Physiology” is also helpful
Angular & Special Movements
Flexion Abduction Eversion Plantar Flexion
Extension Adduction Inversion Elevation
Hyperextension Circumduction Dorsi-flexion Depression
Opposition Retraction Lateral Flexion Protraction
Arrangement of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Parallel Muscle Bipennate Muscle Muscle Origin
Convergent Muscle Multipennate Muscle Muscle Insertion
Unipennate Muscle Circular Muscle
Head & Neck Muscles
Occipitalis-Frontalis = Occipital Belly & Frontal Belly
(Occipitalis) (Frontalis)
Epicranial aponeurosis = Galea aponeurotica - tendon sheath that connects
Occipitalis & Frontalis
Orbicularis oris Risorius Buccinator
Orbicularis oculi Mentalis Pterygoids
Zygomatic major Platysma Levator labii superioris
Nasalis Trapezius Depressor anguli oris
Sternocleidomastoid Masseter Depressor labii inferioris
Muscle Groups of Head & Neck
Muscles of Mastication: temporalis, masseter, buccinator, & pterygoids
Glossal Muscles: tongue muscle group
Hyoid Muscles: throat muscle group
Palatal Muscles: pharynx muscle group
Intervertebral Muscles: many small along vertebral column
Torso & Shoulder Muscles
Teres minor (rotator cuff) Pectoralis major External oblique
Teres major (rotator cuff) Pectoralis minor Internal oblique
Infraspinatus (rotator cuff) Serratus anterior Latissimus dorsi
Supraspinatus (rotator cuff) Rectus abdominis Transverse abdominus
Subscapularis (rotator cuff)
Intercostals = muscles of expiration between ribs
Linea Alba = tendon sheath down midline of rectus abdominis – surgery location
Upper Appendage Muscles - Arms
Deltoid Brachio-radialis Flexor digitorums
Biceps brachei Pronator teres Extensor digitorums
Brachialis Extensor carpi radialis Extensor carpi ulnais
Triceps brachei Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris
Lower Appendage Muscles
Gluteus medius ~ abductor, hip extensor
Gluteus maximus ~ abductor, hip extensor
Ilio-psoas (groin) ~ hip flexor
Tensor fasciae latae ~ hip abductor ileal Tibial Tract = tendon sheath
used for ligament repair
Adductor longus ~ hip adductor
Pectineus ~ hip adductor
Gracillus ~ hip adductor
Bicepts femoris ~ knee flexor
Hamstrings ~ knee flexors Quadracepts ~ knee extensor
Semimembranosus Satorius
Semitendinosus Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Patella Tendon = Quadracepts Tendon – connects quadracepts muscle to patella
Patella Ligament – connects patella to tibia
Gastrocnemius = superficial calf muscle
Soleus = internal calf muscle
Tibialis anterior – shin splints
Peroneus longus = Fibularis longus (same)
Flexor digitorums
Extensor digitorums
Calcaneal tendon ~ Achilles tendon – tendon of the gastrocnemius
Exam 4 - Study Guide – NERVOUS SYSTEM & EYE
Know the illustrations in your lab manual and those illustrated on your Hawk Net / Campus Cruiser Course page under “shared files” for all structures & terminology listed below !
The Saladin “Visual Atlas for Anatomy & Physiology” is also helpful
Eye Structures
Anterior cavity Posterior cavity Fovea
Aqueous humor-fluid Vitreous humor-fluid Optic disc
Optic nerve
Limbus = junction of iris & sclera Pupil - opening Iris – colored muscle
Ocular conjunctiva=Sclera Lens
Palpebral conjunctiva
Lateral canthus/commissure
Medial canthus/commissure Sclera = Fibrous Tunic – white of eye
Choroid = Vascular tunic
Lacrimal gland Retina = Neural Tunic
Lacrimal sac
Lacrimal caniculi ~ canal
Lacrimal caruncle/puncta
Naso-lacrimal duct
Orbital fat
Brain Structures
Cerebrum
Parietal lobe Cerebral cortex Gray matter
Occipital lobe Central sulcus Longitudinal fissure Temporal lobe Lateral sulcus Corpus callosum
Frontal lobe Parieto-occipital sulcus Cerebral hemispheres
Sulci-valleys Gyri-ridges Primary motor cortex
Primary sensory cortex Pyramidal cells Prefrontal cortex
Gustatory cortex Olfactory cortex Auditory cortex
Visual cortex Association areas White matter
Cerebellum
Cerebellar hemispheres Vermis Cerebellar peduncles Anterior lobe Posterior lobe Cerebellar cortex Flocculonodular lobe Arbor vitae Purkinje cells
Pons . . . Mesencephalon . . . Diencephalon . . . Medulla Oblongata
Ventricles-CSF Diencephalon Mesencephalon
Lateral ventricles Hypothalamus Corpra Quadrigemina
Third ventricle Infundibulum Inferior colliculi
Fourth ventricle Pituitary gland Superior colliculi
Septum pellicidum
Inter-ventricular foramen Thalamus Red nucleus Cerebral aqueduct Epithalamus Substantia nigra
Choriod plexus Pineal gland
Other
Meninges Olfactory tract
Dura mater Olfactory bulb
Arachnoid Optic Chiasma
Pia mater Optic Nerve
Spinal Cord & Peripheral Nerves
Cervical plexus Cervical enlargement Coccygeal ligament
Brachial plexus Lumbar enlargement Phrenic nerve (C-3)
Lumbar plexus Conus medularis Sciatic nerve
Sacral Plexus Cauda equina Femoral nerve
Ulna nerve-funny bone Radial nerve Medial nerve Lumbo-sacral joint (L5-S1) Central canal
Cranial Nerves
Be able to NAME the cranial nerves & understand their functions
I Olfactory V Trigeminal IX Glossopharyngeal
II Optic VI Abducens X Vagus
III Oculomotor VII Facial XI Spinal Accessory
IV Trochlear VIII Vestibular-cochlear XII Hypoglossal
(Auditory)
Crutch: “Oh . . .Oh. . . Oh. . . to touch and feel a grill very so hot”
O O O T T A F A G V S H
Reflexes
Be sure to understand the following reflex concepts as described in your lab manual & text
Cranial reflexes (cranial nerves only)
Spinal reflexes (spinal nerves only)
Mixed reflex ~ both cranial & spinal nerves involved
Mono-synaptic reflex
Poly-synaptic reflex
Ipsy-lateral reflex
Contra-lateral reflex
Inter-segmental reflex
Autonomic Reflexes
Cilio-spinal reflex
Oculo-cardiac reflex – Vagal Reflex
Pupillary reflex (concetric reflex)
Somatic Reflexes
Achilles tendon reflex
Patellar reflex – Mono-synaptic
Plantar reflex (Babinski reflex or sign)
Biceps tendon reflex
Triceps tendon reflex
Crossed extensor reflex – Poly-synaptic
Abdominal reflex
Visual reflex (superior colliculi ~ mesencephalon)
Auditory reflex (inferior colliculi ~ mesencephalon)
Adaptation ~ tonic & phasic