Evolution: You Are Responsible

WEEK ONE

Chapter 1

Evolution: you are responsible

Autotrophic / Hetertrophic

Respiration – aerobic / anaerobic

Prokaryotic / eukaryotic

Annual / perennial

Plant structures:

Roots:

Stems:

Leaves:

Epidermis:

Cuticle:

Stomata: guard cells

Cork:

Vascular plants

Xylem:

Phloem:

Meristems:

Apical meirstem:

Lateral:

Primary:

Secondary growth:

Seed plants / seedless plants

Seed:

Spore:

Chapter 2

You are responsible: Four organic macromolecules

Mono, di, poly

Hydrophilic / hydrophobic

Hydrolysis / dehydration synthesis (condensation)

Chitin

Glycogen

Triglycerides: unsaturated / saturated

Phospholipids / phospholipids bilayer

Protein structure

The five alkaloids

The terpenes: isoprene, essential oils, taxol, rubber

figure 2-4

Starch:

Amylose:

Amylopectin:

figure 2-5

Cellulose:

Fructans:

Waxes:

cutin:

suberin:

Epicuticular wax:

Sitosterol:

Ergosterol

Figure 2-12

Primary metabolites:

Secondary metabolites:

figure 2-22

Alkaloids:

Figure 2-23

Terpenoids:

insert a phenol group table 17-3 chemistry

Phenolics:

Flavonoids:

co-pigmentation

Tanins:

Lignins

Salicylic acid:

Chapter 3

You are responsible for: all the organelles in common

Cell theory

Ploidy

Cell cycle: mitosis

Figure 3-3

Plant cell structures

Protoplast:

Vacuoles:

Tonoplast:

Cell sap:

Plastids:

Function:

figure 3-10

Chloroplast:

chlorophyll:

Thylokoid membrane system

Grana thylakoid:

Stroma thylakoid:

Stroma:

Chromoplast:

Leucoplast:

amyloplast:

Proplastid:

Prolamellar

Etioplast:

Insert fig 3-13

Cell wall:

Cellulose

Microfibrils:

figure 3-27

Cellulose framework:

Hemicellulose:

Pectin

Figure 3.29

Primary cell wall:

Primary pit-fields:

Middle lamella:

Secondary cell wall:

figure 3-30

Pit:

Pit membrane:

Plasmodesmata:

fugure 3-34

Cell cycle unique to plants

Phragmosome:

Preprophase band:

Cell plate:

Phragmoplast:

figure 3-7

Review the following chapters

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

WEEK TWO

Chapter 7

Read the history

Photosynthesis

Location:

Figure 10-2 Campbell text

Electromagnetic spectrum

Figure 7-4

Absorption:

Reflection:

Pigment:

figure 7-5

absorption spectrum

From biochemistry text.

Photosynthetic pigmets

Chlorophyll - green

Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll b

Chlorophyll c

Bacteriochlorophyll

Chlorobium chlorophyll

Caroteoids

Carotene:

Xanthophylls:

Phycobilins

Reactions of photosynthesis

Figure 7-9

Overview of photosynthesis

3CO2 + 6H2O à C3H6O3 + 3O2 +3H2O

3CO2 + 9ATP + 6NADPH + 6H+ à G3P + 9ADP + 8Pi + 6NADP+ + 3H2O

6CO2 + 12H2O à C6H12O6 + 6O2 +12H2O

6CO2 + 18ATP + 12NADPH + 12H+ à C6H12O6 + 18ADP + 18Pi + 12NADP+ + 6H2O

Light dependent reactions

Reactants:

Products:

Location:

Figure 7-10

Photosystems:

antenna complex:

reaction center:

Figure 7-11

Flow of electron – light dependent reactions

From water to NADP+

P680 oxidized à ETS à NADP+

Replace e- from water by photolysis

enzyme located lumen side of thylakoid

2H2O à 4 e- + 4H+ + O2

Figure 7-12

Chemeosmosis

Carbon fixing reactions

C3 pathway – Calvin cycle

Reactants:

Products:

RuBP – ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate

Location:

Carbon fixing

Figure 7-16

RuBp à PGA

3-phophoglycerate

Rubisco (RuBP carboxylase):

carbosylase:

Rubisco (RuBP oxygenase):

oxygenase:

Reduction

Figure 7-17

PGA à PGAL

3-phosphglycerate kinase:

kinase:

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase:

dehydrogenase:

Regeneration

PGAL à RuBP

Figure 7-18

One turn of Calvin cycle:

three turns:

3CO2 + 9ATP + 6NADPH + 6H+ à PGAL + 9ADP + 8Pi + 6NADP+ + 3H2O

C4 pathway:

Figure 7-21

First product:

PEP + CO2 à oxaloacetate

PEP carboxylase:

Location:

Oxaloacetate + NH3+ à malate or aspartate

Location:

amino acid (malate or aspartate) à CO2 + pyruvate

Location:

Pyruvate + ATP à PEP

Location:

Figure 7-26

CAM – crassulacean acid metabolism

at night with stomata open

PEP + CO2 à oxaloacetate à malate

in daylight stomata closed

malate decarboxylated (CO2) à RuBP Calvin cycle in chloroplast

WEEK THREE

Evolution Chapter 11

Review chapter 8

Darwin:

Selection

Natural selection

Figure 22-12 Campbell text

Artificial selection:

Figure 11-3

Gene pool:

Gene pool:

Population:

Species:

Biological species:

Geographical species:

Hardy-Weinberg Law

1. No mutation

2. Isolation from other populations

3. Large population

4. Random mating

5. No natural selection

Similar to Newton’s first law

Microevolution

Mechanisms:

Mutation:

figure 11-4

Gene flow:

Genetic drift:

Figure 11-5

Founder effect:

Bottle neck:

Nonrandom mating

Adaptation:

Figure 11-6

Adaptation to physical environment:

Developmental plasticity:

Cline:

Ecotype:

figure 11-9

Speciation)

Allopatric speciation:

Adaptive radiation:

.

Sympatric speciation:

Polyploidy:

Nondisjunction:

Autopolyploidy

Autopolyploid:

figure 11-11

Allopolyploidy

figure 11-12

Systematics: chapter 12

Systematics:

Phylogeny:

Taxonomy:

Father of taxonomy

Binomial system nomenclature:

Rules for scientific naming found in:

International Code of Botanical Nomenclature

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria

type specimen –

Figure 12-3

subspecies or varieties:

Phylogeny based classification system

Monophyletic:

Polyphyletc:

Homologous:

Analogous:

Plant phylogenies

phylogenetic trees

Figure 12-4

Cladistic method.

Outgroups

Cladogram

Figure 12-6

Figure 12-7

Division of the kingdoms:

Methods of Classification

Gross morphological characteristics:

Molecular systematics

The Origin of Major Groups of Organisms:

In Linnaeus’s time

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Archae and Bacteria:

Eukarya – eukaryotes

Serial endosymbiotic theory

Figure 12-10

Animalia:

Plantae:

Alternation of generations

Fungi:

Protista:

Life Cycle:

Zygotic meiosis:

Gametic meiosis:

Sproatic meiosis:

Isomorphic:

Hetermorphic:

7