NAME ______PER ______

EVOLUTION TEST REVIEW SHEET

CHAPTER 14 QUESTIONS
Question / Answer
1. Term that means living things can only arise from other living things / BIOGENESIS
2. Term that means living things can arise from non-living things / ABIOGENESIS (SPONTANEOUS GENERATION)
3. Scientist who tested the hypothesis of spontaneous generation by using one jar of covered meat and one jar of uncovered meat. He then looked for the appearance of maggots. / FRANCESCO REDI
4. Scientist who tested the hypothesis of spontaneous generation with open curve-necked flasks of broth / LOUIS PASTEUR
5. Age of the Earth / 4.6 BILLION YEARS OLD
6. First living cells must have been ______(couldn’t make their own food) and ______(didn’t have a nucleus) / HETEROTROPHIC
PROKARYOTIC
7. A mutually beneficial relationship in which one organism lives inside of another / ENDOSYMBIOSIS
8. The theory that states that eukaryotes evolved when a larger prokaryote ingested but did not digest a smaller prokaryote / ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY
9. According to #8, aerobic prokaryotes that lived inside of larger prokaryotes eventually gave rise to these organelles (that carry out cellular respiration in your cells) / MITOCHNODRIA
10. According to #8, photosynthetic prokaryotes that lived inside of larger prokaryotes eventually gave rise to these organelles of plant cells. / CHLOROPLASTS
CHAPTER 15 QUESTIONS
11. Place where Darwin visited and got his ideas for his theory / GALAPAGOS ISLANDS
12. The process by which populations of organisms change over time / EVOLUTION
13. The mechanism that Darwin proposed for evolution / NATURAL SELECTION
14. Scientist who stated that individuals could acquire traits during their lifetime and then pass these on to their offspring / LAMARCK
15. Was #14 above correct in his thoughts about acquired characteristics being passed on? Why or why not? / NO – ONLY GENETIC CHANGES CAN BE PASSED ON TO ONE’S OFFSPRING
16. The process by which an organism becomes better suited (and more successful) in its environment (OR A TRAIT THAT MAKES AN INDIVIDUAL MORE SUCCESSFUL IN ITS ENVIRONMENT) / ADAPTATION
17. The process by which those organisms who are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more than those who are not as well adapted / NATURAL SELECTION
18. Why must organisms compete for resources? / BECAUSE THEY ARE LIMITED
19. The four main points of Darwin’s theory of natural selction. / OVERPRODUCTION – more offspring are produced than survive
VARIATION – individuals are different within a population
STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL – individuals must compete for resources
DIFFERENTIAL REPRODUCTION – only those with the best adaptations will survive and reproduce, thus passing on those beneficial genes to the next generation
20. A single organism’s genetic contribution to the next generation (its ability to survive longer and reproduce more) / FITNESS
21. Anatomical features that are similar in structure, but may be different in function. (Your arm and your cat’s front leg) / HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
22. What do #21 provide evidence of? / A COMMON ANCESTOR
23. Structures that have same function but evolved independently with a different design (ex/bird wing & insect wing) / ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES
24. A structure that seem to serve no useful function but resemble structures that have functional roles in other organisms (appendix) / VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES
25. This principle states that fossils found in lower rock layers are older than those found in layers closer to the surface / SUPERPOSITION
26. The fact that different species can have similar macromolecules (proteins, DNA sequences) proves that they have descended from a ______/ COMMON ANCESTOR
27. When comparing macromolecules (like protein sequences) what is the rule for evolutionary relationships? / THE MORE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE SEQUENCES OF THE MOLECULES MEANS THE MORE CLOSELY RELATED THE SPECIES ARE (SHARE A MORE RECENT COMMON ANCESTOR)
28. Process by which descendants of a single ancestor diversify into different species that each fit different parts of the environment. / DIVERGENT EVOLUTION (ADAPTIVE RADIATION)
29. Similarities that arise between organisms who have different ancestors are examples of this type of evolution. / CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
30. Over millions of years, pollinators have changed in response to changes in the plants they pollinate. This is an example of what? / COEVOLUTION
CHAPTER 16 QUESTIONS
31. What are the three sources of genetic variation in a population? / MUTATIONS
RECOMBINATION
RANDOM FERTILIZATION
32. Change in the genetic material of a cell / MUTATION
33. All of the alleles of a population of species / GENE POOL
34. If evolution is occurring, what happens to the allele frequencies in the gene pool / THEY CHANGE
35. Allele frequencies stay the same over many generations / GENETIC EQUILIBRIUM
36. List the 5 conditions for MAINTAINING genetic equilibrium /
  1. No mutations
  2. Individuals neither enter nor leave the population
  3. Large population
  4. Random mating
  5. No selection

37. List 5 DISRUPTIONS to genetic equilibrium (hint: most are opposite of #36) / 1) MUTATIONS
2) GENE FLOW (IMMIGRATION/EMMIGRATION)
3) GENETIC DRIFT
4) NON-RANDOM MATING
5) NATURAL SELECTION
38. What kind of selection results when those at either end of bell curve have better fitness than those in middle? Draw a picture / DISRUPTIVE SELECTION

39. What kind of selection results when those at center of curve are better fit for their environment? Draw a picture / STABILIZING SELECTION

40. What kind of selection results when those at one end of curve have higher fitness than those at other end? Draw a picture / DIRECTIONAL SELECTION

41. The phenomenon that occurs when an allele becomes more or less common b/c of chance / GENETIC DRIFT
42. What kinds of populations tend to have more genetic drift? / SMALL ONES
43. What kind of genetic drift occurs when a few individuals colonize a new area? / FOUNDER EFFECT
44. How are natural selection and genetic drift similar? / BOTH INVOLVE A CHANGE IN ALLELE FREQUENCIES OF A POPULATION
45. Separation of a population by a river / GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION
46. In order for speciation to occur, this must happen between two populations / REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION