AP EUROPEAN HISTORY TERMS

First Semester

Ben Feinberg

John Mimms

Tae Kim

Lulu Wang

Max Richman

THE FORMATION OF FEUDAL EMPIRES

  1. Book of Revelation: The last book of the New Testament that dealt with visions of the end of the world, disease, war, famine and death.
  2. Political authority after the fall of Rome: Political authority was completely decentralized and the power was instead spread between the feudal lords.
  3. Common goals of medieval kings: Common goals were to strengthen and extend royal authority within their territory. Also they wanted more effective means of communication, more revenues and efficient bureaucracies.
  4. Modern State: An organized territory with definite geographical boundaries that are recognized by other states.
  5. What modern national state gives it citizens: Provides order, protects its citizens, supplies a currency, and conducts relations with other states.
  6. How does the state accomplish these functions?: It has officials, bureaucracies, laws, courts of law, soldiers, information, and money.
  7. Shires: Shires are counties, each under the jurisdiction of a sheriff appointed by the king
  8. Canute and Edward the Confessor: Were two rulers who exercised broader authority than any contemporary ruler on the continent.
  9. Thegns: English local chieftains who recognized the central authority of the kingship
  10. William the Conqueror: Edward the Confessor’s cousin who claimed the English throne after he won the battle of Hastings
  11. Battle of Hastings: The battle at which William the Conqueror gained control of the English throne by defeating the Anglo-Saxon claimant.
  12. Sheriff: An official, appointed by the king, who maintained order in the shire, caught criminals (and tried them), collected taxes, and when the king ordered him to do so he’d raise an army of foot soldiers.
  13. Writ: A brief administrative order, written by a government clerk, was the way the government communicated with the local people. Often issued by sheriffs.
  14. Norman Inquest: A medieval census, it was introduced by William to determine how much wealth there was in his new kingdom, who had what land, and what lands had been disputed among his vessels.
  15. Doomsday Book: A document, which provided William and his decedents with information vital for the exploitation and government of the country. The document told the amount of wealth every area possessed, so the king could tax accordingly. It also told of how much land each vessel had so he could allot knight service fairly.
  16. Henry II: William’s great-grandson, he inaugurated the Angevin dynasty, and inherited the French provinces of Normandy, Anjou, Maine, and Touraine in northwestern France.
  17. Angevin Dynasty: The dynasty first inaugurated by Henry II, which included most of the British Isles and half of France.
  18. Eleanor of Aquitaine: Married Henry II, which gave him lordship over the Angevin Empire.
  19. Angevin empire: When Henry married Eleanor of Aquitaine, he gained lordship of Aquitaine, Poitou, and Gascony in southwestern France.
  20. France in the twelfth century: France had many independent provinces, which had its own local ruler, laws and customs, coinage, and dialect. The King of France had little jurisdiction over the land.
  21. Roi de Saint-Denis: King of Saint-Denis, controlled Paris and the Saint-Denis area.
  22. Ìle-de-France: The region of Saint-Denis, also known as royal domain, became the nucleus of the French state. The Term Saint-Denis is a saint which the people deeply revered and whom the French believed protect the country.
  23. Clear goal of the medieval French King: The clear goal was to increase the royal domain and extend his authority when the King identifies himself with the cult of Saint Denis in order to tap “national” devotion.
  24. Phillip II (Augustus): acquired the northern counties of Artois and Vermandois. He became an effective master of northern France when he gained farmlands of Maine, Touraine, and Anjou.
  25. France by the end of the thirteenth century: Most of the provinces of Modern France had been added to the royal domain through diplomacy, marriage, war, and inheritance. The King of France then was stronger then any groups of noble that might challenge his authority.
  26. Baillis and Seneschals: A method of governing the local communities from the central government. He sends royal agents, Baillis to the north and seneschal to the south, which were his official representatives and can act on his behalf.
  27. Fundamental Principle of French administration: Royal interests supersede local interest, like the local Baillis and seneschals worked on behalf of the king and had full jurisdiction in their district.
  28. Professional Royal Bureaucracy: The French system of government administration. It had a variety of customs, laws, and institutions that worked so well it survived until the Revolution of 1789.
  29. Germany in the twelfth and thirteenth century: Germany was split into hundreds of independent regions, principalities, bishoprics, duchies, and free cities. Local rulers, dukes, and princes had power over the small areas.
  30. Barriers to the development of a central government in Germany: No German ruler had a strong royal domain. There was no system of succession to the throne, which lead to disputes, civil wars, and anarchy.
  31. Papacy and the German Kings: The papacy, fearful of a strong German power in northern Italy, interfered in German Affairs.
  32. Electors: The electors were seven princes that they are responsible for choosing an emperor. When the anarchy got so bad after the death of Conrad III in 1152, it leads to an election of a strong ruler, Fredrick Barbarossa.
  33. Fredrick Barbarossa of the house of Hohenstaufen: Barbarossa tried to make feudalism work as a system of government. He made peace establishments that were responsible for the princes of the territory and prohibited private warfare, which solved the problem of chronic violence in the empire.
  34. Swabia: Frederick Barbarossa turned Swabia in southwestern Germany as a power base. He made Swabia take an oath of allegiance with him as emperor, no matter who their immediate lord might be.
  35. Roncaglia:The location of a great assembly in 1158, where private warfare was forbidden and violators of peace were given severe penalties.
  36. Fredrick Barbarossa and the Holy Roman Empire: Fredrick wanted to restore the Holy Roman Empire and joined Germany and Italy. Thus cashing in on Italian trading cities.
  37. Battle of Legnano: A battle that signified the end of Fredrick's move southward and his goal to control the papacy. Fredrick was defeated in 1176.
  38. Fredrick's empire by 1187: Fredrick had to accept the reality of private warfare and its penalties. The empire was too weak to fight.
  39. Henry I: William the conqueror's son who established a "bureau of finance" called the exchequer.
  40. Exchequer: Named for of the checkered cloth for which officials checked and audited royal accounts. A “bureau of finance” which made kept track of the king’s money, wherever it came from.
  41. Henry I's income: Consisted of taxes paid by pheasants on the king's land and from money paid to the crown for settling disputes.
  42. Scutage: Money paid in lieu of the performance of military service.
  43. Mercenary troops: Troops of hired hit men to fight in the battles, they were paid with the collected scutage.
  44. "Barons of the Exchequer": Certain barons and bishops picked to keep careful records of the money paid into and out of the royal treasury.
  45. Tallage or Taille: A tax arbitrarily laid by the king as payment on top of what was given by the church.
  46. Host Tallage: Louis IX converted feudal vassals military obligation into such a cash payment. Essentially pay so that a person did not have to go to battle.
  47. Just war: medieval people believed that the king only taxed in times of extreme need and necessity so the taxation was regarded as such.
  48. French localism – Since people of France did not like to pay taxes, the French did not develop a financial system until after the 100 years war. This was caused by French localism and their tendencies to stay in their own country.
  49. Chamber of accountants: A state financial bureau resulting from the Hundred Years' War. This bureau was a little late in being developed.
  50. Papal curia: Represented the most advanced government in the twelfth century in finance law and bureaucratic development. The only government of its time to be so advanced.
  51. Sicily: A strong example of how government could be built of a feudal base by very determined rulers, which developed a financial bureaucracy. The island of Sicily was at first inhabited by the Greeks and Moslems, but then conquered by Normans, and run by all three together throughout the 12th and 13th centuries.
  1. Count Roger II: Son and heir to the thrown of Sicily of Roger de Hauteville, who gained money for the government by establishing a salt and lumber monopoly. This was important to the kingdom of Sicily because after having this done, the Sicilian Government had money to hire mercenary troops and afford other expensive items.
  2. Fredrick II Hohenstaufen: Grandson of Count Roger II and also Grandson and Heir to the thrown of Fredrick Barbarossa, who unsuccessfully attempted to control the entire Italian peninsula. Hi s importance is shown in his development of one of the most advanced governments of his time and his bringing of much frustration from the church, which he dreamed of conquering.
  3. Constitutions of Melfi: A collection of laws that increased royal authority over the church, forcing churchmen to be tried also in the king’s court. It also centralized government, increasing the need for a full bureaucracy. This was one of the few successful attempts by kings to have churchmen tried in normal courts.
  4. “Tacit consent of his people to regular taxation”: A mutual agreement between the government and the people that constant taxation is permissible. This was a major accomplishment because most people in medieval Europe believed that their governments should only tax the people in times of a “just war”.
  5. “Transformer of the World”: A nickname for Fredrick II Hohenstaufen, given to him because he completely “transformed” Sicily and its government, establishing a new government and bureaucracy. This is important because it shows how much he changed many ideals of government.
  6. Result of Fredrick’s rule for Italy: Fredrick had a very great impact on Italy; it was where he focused all his concentration. He united the people of southern Italy and almost controlled the entire Italian peninsula. His rule was important because he left behind great legacy of his rule.
  7. Result of Fredrick’s rule for Germany: Fredrick barely concentrated on Germany; it was Italy he was interested in. He weakened and eventually destroyed the government of Germany and killed everything that his grandfather, Barbarossa, had worked for. This shows that when ruling an empire, though it is good to be concentrated on leading a conquest, you must also pay attention to other details and other problems in your empire.
  8. Louis IX: King of France who had a great sense of justice and continually added to the judicial aspects of France. He established the parlement of Paris and sent many judges around France to check up on how the judges were doing there. This is important because we base many of our ideas in the United States on the French judiciary laws.
  9. Parlement of Paris: An all-high court in medieval France to which the citizens could appeal to if they felt that they were unfairly tried. This is important because from the parlement of Paris we get the Supreme Court.
  10. Common Law: A form of law developed in England under the rule of Henry II. It was a law that was known by the entire country so that one would know what was illegal and what was not. This is important because it stopped judges from interpreting laws and twisting them to favor the rich.
  11. Circuit Judges: Judges who were sent by Henry I in England to hear crimes outside of London. This practice was later carried out by Henry II, and was carried out by following monarchs in England. This is important because it became a common way of keeping the law.
  12. “Accusing Jury”: A group of people from every town in medieval England that was instructed to accused and list people who they thought were guilty of committing some crime. From this jury we get today’s grand jury. This was important because it was one of the first developments in English law.
  13. Trial by ordeal: A trial system in which a person (who was accused by the accusing jury) was tied foot and hand and dropped into a lake. Since the people believed that water was a pure substance, he who floated was guilty, he who sank was innocent. This form of trial was pretty much worthless because either way, the person died. This way was used commonly until the 14th century, when the church banned it. This is important because it was later practiced to decide if a woman was a witch or not.
  14. Fourth Lateran Council and trial by ordeal: A meeting held in 1215 C.E. in which it was declared that priests were not allowed to participate in a trial by ordeal. This effectively ended the use of Trial by ordeal in England. This was important because such inconsistent and unreliable means of trial were ever used again.
  15. Jury of Trial: A group of 12 people who are called on to determine if one person is innocent or guilty of committing a crime. This is important because it is the first origins of a 12-person jury that is used today in many countries.
  16. Thomas Becket: archbishop of Canterbury resisted against Henry II’s form of law about church trials.
  17. “Benefit of clergy”: allowed people to be tried in a Church court where there was less sever punishment
  18. December 1170: Henry II, out of anger, called for the death of Thomas Becket.
  19. Result of Becket’s assassination: The cathedral Becket had been in became famous and soon Henry II lost his power.
  20. Richard I, the “Lion-Hearted”: one of two sons of Henry II. Went on the time consuming crusades, wasting the money of his citizens making them poor.
  21. King John and his financial problems: incompetent brother who took over Richards’s throne while he was away at the crusades.
  22. Battle of Bouvines: war fought between John and Philip Augustus’s armies in Flanders and was won by Philip. This led to the downfall of John.
  23. “Magna Carta”: the treaty John was forced to sign after lost wars and rebellions.
  24. Principles set forth in the Magna Carta: stated that all people must follow the same law.
  25. Edward I: was the Great-grandson of Henry II who brought loyalty to England through use of “Common law.”
  26. Features of common law vs. Roman law: common law is a more democratic version of law where the law changes with the people while Roman law remains unchanged from its early form.
  27. Result of pressure for social conformity: caused anger towards Jews, homosexuals and other minorities.
  28. Usurers: Jews became usurers (lenders of money; bankers) because they could not own land due to pressure for social conformity.
  29. Ghetto: Jews worked in specific areas so housing needed to be cheap and close, thus dense neighborhoods were formed creating ghettos.
  30. Growth of anti-Semitism: due to changing economies and the Jews success in their limited business, there was increased anger towards them.
  31. “Dark and evil side to high medieval culture”: the hostility towards Jews and homosexuals is considered the low point during the considered “high medieval” time.

TOWNS, THE PLAGUE AND THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR

  1. Importance of rise of towns and development of new business class to Europe’s transformation: The rise of towns lead to the change from a rural agricultural society to an industrialized urban society. Without the rise of cities there would have been no increase in a merchant class
  2. New class- artisans and merchants: The new class was derived from the peasants; they were often the younger sons of large families that could not support the entire family.
  3. Boroughs: fortifications erected during the ninth-century Viking invasions
  4. Fabrics or Suburbs: Residential communities outside the main city but still protected within the city walls.
  5. Venice, Pita and Milan: Three Old Italian cities that went through revitalization in the tenth century. Previously they were leading cities in shipping and commerce.
  6. Burgher or Bourgeois: A person who worked or lived inside the city walls.
  7. Paris, Milan, Venice and Florence: The largest cities in the middle ages with about 80,000 people in each city.
  8. Townspeople as a new element of medieval society: They fell into none of the traditional categories. They were diverse and important parts of the cities and their thought and beliefs were different from anyone else.
  9. Men and opportunity: What medieval cities were about. Large populations clustered with varieties of chances.
  10. Liberties: In the Middle Ages this meant special privileges.