Eukaryotic, Multicellular, No Cell Wall

1. What are three characteristics of an animal?

Eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell wall

1. T or F? An animals body plan can range from small (few cell types; sponges) to large (tissues and organs; veterbrates.)

True

1. T or F? Animals are autotrophs.

False

1. What are three different types of skeletal systems of animals?

Hydrostatic skeleton – fluid-filled tissue under compression (soft-bodied invertebrates)

Exoskeleton – rigid structures on outside of body (arthropods)

Endoskeleton – rigid structures on inside of body (vertebrates)

1. What is the meaning of cephalization?

The concentration of organs and nervous control at the anterior end of an organism, developing a head and brain. Occurs during embryonic development.

1. T or F? All animals (except sponges) have neurons and muscle cells.

True

1. Which of the following lists of traits accurately describes the correct sequence of events of evolution, beginning with the first (earliest or oldest) trait to emerge, and ending with the most recent trait to emerge?

1. Body segmentation, diploblast embryo, triploblast embryo, multicellularity, specialized cells, cephalization
2. Multicellularity, specialized cells, diploblast embryo, triploblast embryo, cephalization, body segmentation
3. Diploblast embryo, specialized cell, triploblast embryo, cephalization, body segmentation, multicellularity
4. Triploblast embryo, multicellularity, cephalization, diploblast embryo, body segmentation, specialized cells

1. What organism is it believed that animal origins descended from?

1. Bacteria
2. Protists
3. Monkey
4. Fungi

1. What is the oldest animal lineage?

1. Porifera (sponges) *** Origins of specialized cell types
2. Cnidaria (jellyfish, corals, sea anemones)
3. Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
4. Mollusca (snails, clams, squid)

1. What is the difference between a diploblast embryo and a triploblast embryo?

Diploblast has 2 germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm) while a triploblast has 3 (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

1. Make a list of what each of the germ layers give rise to. What is derived from them?

Ectoderm – skin and nervous system derived from ectoderm

Mesoderm – both muscle and bone is derived from mesoderm

Endoderm – digestive tract and associated organs derived from endoderm

1. All diploblast embryos have ______, and an example of a type of animal with a diploblast embryo would be ______.

1. Choanocytes, sponges (Porifera)
2. ectoderm and mesoderm and endoderm, segmented worms (Annelida)
3. ectoderm and mesoderm and endoderm, arthropods (Arthropoda)
4. ectoderm and endoderm, cnidarians (Cnidaria)

1. What are some examples of lineages that are triploblastic animals?

Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Vertebrata

1. T or F? Body plans of triploblast lineages (bilateral symmetry, cephalization) enable greater central nervous system complexity?

True

1. What enabled the Cambrian explosion in species diversity?

Origin of body segmentation (Annelida, Arthropoda, Vertebrata)

1. Which of the following trophic levels (feeding groups) do animals occupy within food chains?

1. Decomposer
2. Primary consumer
3. Secondary consumer
4. All of the above

1. What is the definition of a “keystone species?”

A species that greatly affects community structure (species composition and diversity, population sizes.

1. What is an “ecosystem engineer?”

An organism that creates habitat. Ex: corals

1. Give four reasons why animal are important to human welfare.

Humans depend on animals for food, medical science (painkiller derived from toxin of tropical cone snail), animals maintain ecosystem services (plant pollination), animals adversely affect human health (and economies) (rodents harbor human pathogens.)

1. What are some causes of human-induced decline in species diversity?

Habitat loss, pollution, overconsumption of natural resources, and climate change.

1. Which of the following statements accurately describes typical observed effects of climate change on coral populations, and mechanisms for these effects.

1. Climate change has generally caused increases in coral abundance because coral production increases as water temperatures increase.
2. Climate change has generally caused increases in coral abundance because coral production increases as pH of the water declines.
3. Climate change has generally caused declines in coral abundance because coral production declines as pH of the water declines.
4. Climate change has generally caused declines in coral abundance because sea levels (nearshore water depth) are declining and coral habitat area is reduced.

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