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Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9e (Marieb)
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Chapter 2
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Basic Chemistry
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Short Answer
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Figure 2.1
Using Figure 2.1, identify the following:
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1)
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The structure of the functional protein is ______.
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Answer:
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B
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Diff: 3
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Page Ref: 50-51
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2)
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The structure of the nucleotide is ______.
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Answer:
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E
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Diff: 3
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Page Ref: 54-56
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3)
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The structure of the polysaccharide is ______.
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Answer:
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C
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Diff: 3
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Page Ref: 45
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4)
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The structure of the monosaccharide is ______.
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Answer:
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A
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Diff: 3
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Page Ref: 45
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Fill in the blank or provide a short answer:
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5)
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When a change in matter alters the basic nature of the substance, it is called a ______change.
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Answer:
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chemical
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Page Ref: 27
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6)
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Inactive or stored energy is called ______energy.
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Answer:
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potential
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Page Ref: 28
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7)
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Isotopes differ from each other only in the number of ______they possess.
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Answer:
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neutrons
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Diff: 2
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Page Ref: 33
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8)
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Decomposition of a protein produces ______.
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Answer:
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amino acids
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Diff: 3
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Page Ref: 40; 49
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9)
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The sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom is called the ______.
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Answer:
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atomic mass number
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Diff: 2
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Page Ref: 32
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10)
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Compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen bonding are collectively termed ______compounds.
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Answer:
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organic
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Page Ref: 42
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11)
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Polar molecules, like water, result when electrons are shared ______.
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Answer:
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unequally
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Diff: 2
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Page Ref: 37
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12)
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The outermost shell of an atom is called the ______shell.
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Answer:
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valence
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Page Ref: 35
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13)
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An acid is a molecule that releases (donates) ______. State the answer in two ways.
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Answer:
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protons; hydrogen ions
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Diff: 2
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Page Ref: 43
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14)
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All ______have an amine (N) group.
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Answer:
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amino acids
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Page Ref: 42
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15)
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Glycogen and starch are examples of a specific category of carbohydrates called ______.
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Answer:
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polysaccharides
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Page Ref: 46
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16)
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A solution with a pH of 11.7 is ______times more acidic than a solution with a pH of 8.7.
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Answer:
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1000
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Diff: 2
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Page Ref: 44
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17)
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Cholesterol is an example of a ______, a specific category of lipids.
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Answer:
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steroids
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Diff: 2
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Page Ref: 47; 49
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18)
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Enzymes are examples of ______proteins. State the answer in two ways.
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Answer:
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globular; functional
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Diff: 3
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Page Ref: 50
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19)
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The building blocks of nucleic acids are called ______.
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Answer:
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nucleotides
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Diff: 2
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Page Ref: 54
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The universal energy compound that provides visible energy to cells is ______.
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Answer:
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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Diff: 2
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Page Ref: 55
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Multiple Choice
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1)
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Inactive energy is referred to as:
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A)
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mechanical energy
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B)
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potential energy
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C)
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kinetic energy
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D)
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radiant energy
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E)
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electrical energy
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Answer:
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B
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Diff: 1
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Page Ref: 28
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2)
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An atom with 11 protons, 12 neutrons, and 10 electrons is a(n):
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A)
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molecule
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B)
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anion
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C)
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cation
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D)
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isotope
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E)
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radioisotope
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Answer:
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C
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Diff: 3
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Page Ref: 36
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3)
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The movement of ions across cell membranes is an example of:
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A)
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radiant energy
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B)
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chemical energy
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C)
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electrical energy
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D)
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mechanical energy
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E)
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potential energy
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Answer:
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C
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Diff: 2
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Page Ref: 28
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4)
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Ninety-six percent of the human body is composed of the elements:
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A)
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carbon, calcium, sodium, and oxygen
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B)
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carbon, oxygen, iron, and potassium
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C)
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carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
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D)
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calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron
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E)
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sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and sulfur
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Answer:
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C
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Diff: 2
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Page Ref: 29
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5)
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The most abundant element in the human body is:
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A)
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carbon
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B)
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oxygen
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C)
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hydrogen
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D)
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nitrogen
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E)
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calcium
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Answer:
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B
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Page Ref: 30
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6)
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The simplest atom—containing one proton, one electron, and no neutrons—is:
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A)
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carbon
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B)
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hydrogen
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C)
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oxygen
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D)
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nitrogen
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E)
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sodium
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Answer:
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B
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Diff: 1
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Page Ref: 31
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7)
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Atomic mass is equivalent to the number of ______in an atom.
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A)
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protons
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B)
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neutrons
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C)
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electrons
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D)
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protons and electrons
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E)
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protons and neutrons
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Answer:
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E
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Diff: 2
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Page Ref: 32
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8)
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Which of these elements composes bone:
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A)
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calcium
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B)
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sulfur
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C)
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chlorine
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D)
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iron
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E)
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iodine
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Answer:
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A
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Diff: 2
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Page Ref: 30
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9)
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Which of the following is the role of magnesium:
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A)
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it is present in bone, and is an important cofactor for enzyme activity in a number of metabolic reactions
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B)
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it is needed to make functional thyroid hormones
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C)
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it is a component of the functional hemoglobin molecule that transports oxygen within red blood cells, as well as a component of some enzymes
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D)
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it is the major extracellular cation in its ionic form, and is important for water balance, conduction of nerve impulses, and muscle contraction
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E)
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it is a major extracellular anion in its ionic form
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Answer:
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A
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Diff: 3
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Page Ref: 30
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10)
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An atom with an atomic number of 14 will have ______electrons in its valence shell.
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A)
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2
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B)
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4
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C)
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8
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D)
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10
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E)
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14
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Answer:
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B
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Diff: 3
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Page Ref: 32; 35
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11)
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Which of the following statements is correct regarding the electrical charge of subatomic particles:
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A)
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protons are positively charged, electrons are neutral, and neutrons are negatively charged
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B)
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protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons are neutral
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C)
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protons are negatively charged, electrons are neutral, and neutrons are negatively charged
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D)
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protons are negatively charged, electrons are positively charged, and neutrons are neutral
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E)
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protons are neutral, electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons are positively charged
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Answer:
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B
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Diff: 2
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Page Ref: 29
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12)
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An atom has 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons. Its atomic mass is:
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A)
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2
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B)
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6
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C)
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8
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D)
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14
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E)
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20
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Answer:
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D
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Diff: 2
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Page Ref: 32
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13)
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The atomic number of an atom reveals the number of:
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A)
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electrons in the atomic nucleus
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B)
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protons in the atomic nucleus
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C)
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protons plus neutrons
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D)
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protons plus electrons
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E)
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neutrons plus electrons
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Answer:
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B
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Diff: 1
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Page Ref: 32
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14)
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Isotopes have different numbers of ______; thus they also have different ______.
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A)
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protons; atomic numbers
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B)
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neutrons; atomic masses
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C)
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electrons; atomic numbers
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D)
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protons; atomis masses
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E)
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neutrons; atomic numbers
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Answer:
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B
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Diff: 2
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Page Ref: 33
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15)
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An atom that has lost two electrons is called a(n):
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A)
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isotope
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B)
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anion
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C)
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radioisotope
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D)
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cation
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E)
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proton
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Answer:
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D
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Diff: 3
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Page Ref: 36
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16)
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The subatomic particles that are responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms are the:
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A)
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protons
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B)
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neutrons
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C)
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electrons
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D)
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isotopes
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E)
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ions
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Answer:
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C
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Diff: 2
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Page Ref: 32
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Figure 2.2
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17)
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What is the atomic number of the atom in Figure 2.2:
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A)
1
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2
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B)
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3
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C)
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4
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D)
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6
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E)
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12
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Answer:
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D
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Diff: 3
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Page Ref: 32
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18)
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When a pair of electrons is shared equally between two atoms, the bond formed is called a(n):
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A)
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ionic bond
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B)
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hydrogen bond
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C)
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carbon bond
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D)
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polar covalent bond
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E)
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nonpolar covalent bond
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Answer:
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E
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Diff: 3
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Page Ref: 37
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19)
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Which of these examples is a compound:
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A)
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H2
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B)
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CH4
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C)
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O2
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D)
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N2
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E)
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2H
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Answer:
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B
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Diff: 2
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Page Ref: 34
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20)
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In order to break a disaccharide down into simple sugar units:
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A)
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water molecules must be added to each bond
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B)
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water molecules must be removed from each bond
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C)
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carbon atoms must be added to each bond
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D)
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carbon atoms must be removed from each bond
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E)
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water molecules and carbon atoms must be removed from each bond
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Answer:
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A
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Diff: 3
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Page Ref: 46
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21)
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The reaction A + B → AB is an example of a(n):
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A)
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exchange reaction
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B)
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synthesis reaction
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C)
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decomposition reaction
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D)
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denaturation reaction
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E)
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dehydration reaction
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Answer:
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B
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Diff: 2
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Page Ref: 40
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22)
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Water is useful in body processes because:
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A)
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it is a good solvent
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B)
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it acts as an enzyne
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C)
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it has a low heat capacity
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D)
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it is a product in hydrolysis reactions
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E)
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it is chemically inert
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Answer:
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A
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Diff: 3
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Page Ref: 42
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23)
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The joining of amino acids to form a protein is an example of:
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A)
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a decomposition reaction
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B)
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an exchange reaction
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C)
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a synthesis reaction
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D)
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a denaturation reaction
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E)
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a hydrolysis reaction
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Answer:
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C
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Diff: 3
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Page Ref: 40; 49
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24)
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Which of the following solutions is the weakest acid:
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A)
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a solution with a pH of 2.4
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B)
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a solution with a pH of 5.2
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C)
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a solution with a pH of 6.4
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D)
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a solution with a pH of 8.6
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E)
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a solution with a pH of 10.1
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Answer:
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C
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Diff: 3
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Page Ref: 44
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25)
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A solution with a pH of 7:
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A)
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is acidic
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B)
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releases more hydrogen ions than hydroxyl ions into solution
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C)
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releases more hydroxyl ions than hydrogen ions into solution
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D)
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is basic
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E)
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is neutral
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Answer:
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E
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Diff: 2
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Page Ref: 44
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26)
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Which of the following is an example of an inorganic molecule:
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A)
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a fatty acid
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B)
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an amino acid
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C)
1
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cholesterol
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D)
1
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sodium chloride
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E)
1
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RNA
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Answer:
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D
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Diff: 3
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Page Ref: 42-43
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27)
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Vitamin D and sex hormones are both:
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A)
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polysaccharides
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B)
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proteins
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C)
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nucleic acids
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D)
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enzymes
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E)
1
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steroids
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Answer:
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E
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Diff: 2
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Page Ref: 49
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28)
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Glucose and starch are examples of:
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A)
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carbohydrates
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B)
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triglycerides
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C)
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phospholipids
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D)
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steroids
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E)
1
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proteins
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Answer:
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A
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Diff: 2
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Page Ref: 45-46
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29)
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Which of the following groups of chemicals includes ONLY monosaccharides:
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A)
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glucose, fructose, galactose
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B)
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glucose, fructose, maltose
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C)
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fructose, maltose, sucrose
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D)
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fructose, maltose, lactose
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E)
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maltose, sucrose, lactose
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Answer:
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A
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Diff: 2
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30)
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The organic compounds that function in building tissues and acting as enzymes are the:
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A)
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nucleic acids
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B)
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carbohydrates
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C)
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salts
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D)
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