ESMTable 2 Regression analyses by Poisson and conditionally autoregressive regression (CAR) models: socioeconomic variables and type 1 diabetes incidence in children <15 years, 1996–2000, North Rhine–Westphalia

Socioeconomic indicator (unit of measure where applicable); period / Simple regression a / Multiple regression b / Multiple regression b
RR (95% CI) / p value / RR (95% CI) / p value / RR (95% CI) / p value
Population density c
(1000 persons per km2);1995–2000
Poiss / 0.878 (0.813–0.948) / <0.001 / – / – / 0.961 (0.834–1.106) / 0.576
PoissOD / (0.813–0.948) / <0.001 / – / – / (0.835–1.105) / 0.574
CAR / 0.885 (0.811–0.965) / – / – / – / 0.974 (0.833–1.135) / –
Non–German nationals d
(%); 1995–2000
Poiss / 0.912 (0.871–0.955) / <0.001 / 0.978 (0.917–1.042) / 0.483 / – / –
PoissOD / (0.871–0.955) / <0.001 / (0.918–1.041) / 0.475 / – / –
CAR / 0.915 (0.870–0.964) / – / 0.980 (0.916–1.047) / – / – / –
Income ratio e; 1991–2001
Poiss / 1.122 (1.071–1.176) / <0.001 / 1.095 (1.033–1.161) / 0.002 / – / –
PoissOD / (1.072–1.175) / <0.001 / (1.034–1.159) / 0.002 / – / –
CAR / 1.122 (1.064–1.180) / – / 1.097 (1.032–1.167) / – / – / –
Household income per person f
(€ per person); 1991–2001
Poiss / 0.889 (0.843–0.936) / <0.001 / – / – / 0.895 (0.812–0.987) / 0.027
PoissOD / (0.843–0.936) / <0.001 / – / – / (0.812–0.987) / 0.026
CAR / 0.890 (0.839–0.946) / – / – / – / 0.888 (0.781–0.982) / –
Education ratio g;
1991, 1993, 1995–2001
Poiss / 1.079 (1.028–1.132) / 0.002 / 1.018 (0.958–1.082) / 0.558 / – / –
PoissOD / (1.027–1.133) / 0.002 / (0.959–1.081) / 0.551 / – / –
CAR / 1.077 (1.016–1.141) / – / 1.020 (0.954–1.086) / – / – / –
Professional training ratio h;
1991, 1993, 1995–2001
Poiss / 1.083 (1.026–1.143) / 0.004 / – / – / 0.988 (0.903–1.080) / 0.773
PoissOD / (1.025–1.143) / 0.004 / – / – / (0.903–1.080) / 0.782
CAR / 1.079 (1.012–1.147) / – / – / – / 0.982 (0.885–1.084) / –
Living space per person i
(m2 per person); 1996–2000
Poiss / 1.045 (0.981–1.114) / 0.173 / – / – / – / –
PoissOD / (0.979–1.115) / 0.183 / – / – / – / –
CAR / 1.039 (0.966–1.118) / – / – / – / – / –
Single-parent families j
(%); 1991–2001
Poiss / 0.981 (0.944–1.020) / 0.333 / – / – / – / –
PoissOD / (0.943–1.021) / 0.344 / – / – / – / –
CAR / 0.981 (0.945–1.020) / – / – / – / – / –
Unemployment rate k
(%); 1996–2000 / –
Poiss / 0.913 (0.858–0.970) / 0.003 / 0.938 (0.866–1.015) / 0.111 / – / –
PoissOD / (0.858–0.971) / 0.004 / (0.867–1.014) / 0.104 / – / –
CAR / 0.921 (0.858–0.990) / – / 0.936 (0.863–1.021) / – / – / –
Welfare recipients l
(%); 1996, 1997, 2000
Poiss / 0.950 (0.908–0.994) / 0.026 / – / – / 0.986 (0.917–1.060) / 0.698
PoissOD / (0.907–0.995) / 0.028 / – / – / (0.917–1.060) / 0.697
CAR / 0.956 (0.904–1.011) / – / – / – / 0.983 (0.907–1.065) / –
Deprivation score m; 1991–2001
Poiss / 1.112 (1.056–1.172) / <0.001 / – / – / – / –
PoissOD / (1.056–1.172) / <0.001 / – / – / – / –
CAR / 1.112 (1.047–1.180) / – / – / – / – / –

RR, relative risk; Poiss, ordinary Poisson model; PoissOD, overdispersion-corrected Poisson model

a Models including sex, age, and each socioeconomic indicator separately

b Model including sex, age, and all socioeconomic indicators with risk estimates presented in this column

c RR per increase of 1700 persons per km2

d RR per increase of 4%

e RR per increase of 0.2

f RR per increase €70

g RR per increase of 1.1

h RR per increase of 2.5

i RR per increase of 2.5 m2 per person

j RR per increase of 0.7%

k RR per increase of 4%

l RR per increase of 1.3%

m RR per increase of 10