Inglés II - Cátedra de Inglés Técnico
Escuela Superior de Sanidad Dr. Ramón Carrillo – FBCB - UNL
CLÁUSULAS ADVERBIALES:
Cumplen la misma función que los adverbios o frases adverbiales que vimos en Inglés I
Pueden ser de:
Lugar: where, wherever
Tiempo: when, whenever, while, as, before, after, once, prior to, since
Manera: as, as though, as if
Causa o razón: because, since, as, in view of, on account of, seeing that
Propósito: in order that, so that, with the object to
Resultado: so that, so……that, such that, such…..that
Contraste: although, though, even though, even if, while, whereas
Ejemplos:
1)In this report, consideration is given to particular problems and segments of the community environment, such as basic sanitation, where methods for the control of communicable disease are already available.
2)As it has already been pointed out, decisions by health and other government authorities are seldom based strictly on the available scientific evidence concerning the possible health hazard associated with a specific chemical or other agent.
3)Because they reveal a pattern where the numbers of HIV cases increase faster as time goes on, these mathematical models have an important role to play in convincing governments and international agencies of the wisdom of acting now, not later.
4)A prime need is the development of a system of integrated surveillance and monitoring of man’s health and well-being in relation to environmental factor, so that steps may be taken to avoid major dangers that would otherwise take him by surprise.
5)In many case irreversible anatomical changes are probably present so early in gestation that their prevention or reversal in uterus by drug or enzyme treatment seems highly improbable.
6)While he was examining microscopically the contents of fermentation vats in which lactic acid was being formed, Pasteur found the yeast of the alcoholic fermentation had been replaced by much smaller rods and spheres.
7)While fluorescent light sources have the practical advantage of producing relatively little heat – so maintenance of a suitable temperature is not difficult- their emission spectra are deficient in the longer wavelengths of the visible spectrum and the near infrared region.
8)Although surveillance and monitoring activities are already in progress in several health and environmental fields, they are still fragmentary and must be systematically integrated.
Estas Cláusulas pueden presentarse reducidas o abreviadas, en la forma:
_Pasado ParticipioAdverbio
/ +_ING
Ejemplos:
- When reaching the temperature at which vapour pressure equals that of the atmosphere, water boils.
- Although convinced of the advantages of the new antibiotic therapy, the researchers carried out a few more experiments.
- Although not damaged by the intestinal invader, the specialised cells reacted in an unusual way.
- After being introduced to the blood cells, the enterotoxin B produced lymphocyte proliferation.
Ejemplos:
1)After gathering epidemiological data about pollution in a highly industrialised area, we found a striking increase in respiratory tract complaints.
2)Before passing from the small intestine into the blood, proteins are completely hydrolysed.
3)When considering density of population and domestic overcrowding in areas of high atmospheric pollution, the team could see that the rates for premature death or disablement due to bronchitis were highest among postmen working in the most polluted areas.
4)Before being absorbed through the intestine and used by the body, starch must first be hydrolysed.
5)After being developed, this technique had an enormous impact on clinical medicine and some 50 to 60 million radioimmunoassays were carried out world-wide in 1976 alone.
6)After releasing hydrogen sulphide into the surrounding area for about 20 minutes, the natural gas sulphur removal unit was finally repaired.
7)Upon being immersed in liquid nitrogen for a few seconds, these specimens become very rigid and brittle.
8)Ambient air is more than a mixture of O2 and N2. When sampled close to ground level, it contains other gases, vapours and particulate matter derived either from natural sources, such as volcanoes, or from man’s activities.
9)While circulating all over the body, alcohol is taken up by the tissues and their cells.
“ING” después de ciertos verbos
1)Lookemann has suggested dividing disinfectants into eight groups based on their chemical resemblance.
2)Another curious type of isomerization is displayed by 2-3 dimethyl-ascorbic acid when it begins reacting at room temperature with dilute alkalis.
3)The chemical link between the electrical and the mechanical events in muscle has not been elucidated, but cardiac cells begin to contract about 10 milliseconds after they become depolarised and continue contracting while they remain depolarised.
4)The report collects information on methods to help people to stop smoking.
5)After being released to a natural water, pollutants will continue undergoing chemical and physical processes that will vary according to time and distance from the point of discharge.
Cláusulas Finales “ING”
Dadas dos oraciones como las que siguen:
- Any medium suitable for the growth of a specific organism is called selective.
- It permits the isolation of the organism from a mixed natural population
Se las puede unir de la siguiente forma:
- Any medium suitable for the growth of a specific organism is called selective, permitting its isolation from a mixed natural population.
Otros ejemplos:
1)Some microorganisms are obligately anaerobic, molecular oxygen inhibiting their growth.
2)The metabolic activities of the growing microbial population will change the nature of the environment, this being brought about by a drastic change in Ph.
3)Many phototrophic organisms can tolerate continuous illumination, their growth being much more rapid under these conditions.
4)Bacteria do not thrive in ice, lack of both food and water being responsible for this condition.
5)The degree of hazard and points of maximum danger vary, depending on the types of contamination.
6)Individuals with defective nicotine receptors are at special risk in this working environments, this abnormality contributing to the brain disorder.
7)Numerous investigators have found acetone in the urine of men and animals following oral administration of isopropyl alcohol. According to Fuller and Hunter, small amounts of acetone were found in the urine of men 2 to 4 days after the last of three doses of 20 or 30 ml. of 50 per cent aqueous isopropyl alcohol, one dose per day for three successive days having been given.
8)It has been demonstrated that the inhalation of beryllium is harmful to human beings. Acute respiratory exposure can result in severe health effects, including rhinitis, pharyngitis, pneumonitis, and pulmonary oedema.
9)Acute poisoning by arsenic involves the central nervous system, leading to coma and, for dose of 70-180mg, to death.
10)Algae and other microorganisms may undergo rapid temporal changes, varying significantly in abundance and species composition from day to day.
USOS DE LAS FORMAS “ING”
1)to be (conj.) + -ingTIEMPOS CONTÍNUOS
estar(conj.) + -ando/-endo
2)preposición + -ingOBJETO DE PREPOSICIÓN
prep. + sust. (+de)
prep. + verbo en infinitivo
3) –ing como sustantivoSUSTANTIVO
a)sustantivo
b)verbo en infinitivo
4) –ing + sustantivoADJETIVO
a)prep. + sust.
b)–ante/-ente
c)que + verbo
11)Before
Aftera) igual que 2
+ -ing: CLÁUSULAS ADVERBIALES
Whenb) reconstruir la CONTRAÍDAS (ACTIVO)
While, etc. Cláusula
6) Sustantivo + -ingCLÁUSULAS ADJETIVAS
que + verbo conjugadoCONTRAÍDAS (ACTIVO)
7) Verbo conj. + -ing“ING” DESPUÉS DE CIERTOS
a)SustantivoVERBOS
b)verbo en infinitivo
8) ------, (---) –ing ---CLÁUSULA FINAL “ING”
a)------, -ando/-endo-----
b)reemplazar la coma por:
- y
- ya que
- por lo tanto
y reconstruir la cláusula
Ejemplos:
1)We are heating the surface to accelerate the reaction.
2)These guidelines should be considered as proposals for limiting values that will give a high probability of avoiding adverse effects on human health.
3)The blood has many functions. The most important ones embrace: a) transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide between the peripheral tissues and the lungs; b) conveying foodstuff and metabolites to the various tissues; c) carrying degradation products to the kidney, and d) defending the organism against infections or injurious agents.
4)Researchers from the Pennsylvania University have not found convincing evidence that changes in the respiratory function are associated with low levels of oxidants. Besides community complaints are more likely to be made because of pollutants that are irritating.
5)While affecting the body directly, some factors, such as temperature or pressure, may exert and indirect effect, either by acting on an existing pathological state or by creating favourable conditions for the development of parasites or microbes.
6)Measurements of cadmium deposition were made in the area surrounding certain factories and it seems that this may be an important source of cadmium in soil and plants.
7)Both acute and chronic forms of beryllium poisoning have been found in “neighbourhood cases”, the chronic forms predominating. Of the 60 people with non-occupational berylliosis, 18 were exposed to beryllium. However, as lactic acid gradually accumulates, conditions become less and less favourable for these bacteria, whereas the lactic acid bacteria continue growing, the acidity of the medium becoming so high that the lactic acid bacteria predominate and most other organisms are destroyed.
8)In 1971, after completing more experiments, Dr. Folkman published his findings and ideas about chemical contamination in food.
9)While explaining other possible sources of contamination, Dr. Bermudes pointed out that fish do not naturally carry a wide variety of pathogens.
EJERCITACIÓN
I) Lea el texto, observe el diagrama y resuelva la ejercitación propuesta.
Schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis is a disease which is found all over the world and is spread by a small fluke, or flatworm, which acts as a parasite during one stage of its life to water-snail, and during another to man. Three species cause human disease: Schistosoma haematobium (which have been found in parts of Africa, Spain, and the Middle East); S. Mansoni (in Africa and South America); and S. Japonicum (in the Far East).
In these areas, fluke´s eggs are present in slow-moving water. When the eggs hatch, the embryos invade the bodies of the water-snails which act as host as this first stage of the fluke’s life cycle goes by. After they have grown and developed into cercariae the embryos return to the water where they swim freely until they are able to penetrate the skin of other humans and enter their circulation.
a) Sin utilizar el diccionario, y volviendo a leer rápidamente el texto conteste estas preguntas:
1)¿Qué es un fluke o flatworm? ¿En qué se basa para dar esa respuesta?
2) ¿Qué significa S.mansoni y S. Japonicum?
3) Proponga un significado, que luego verificará, para slow-moving waters y hatch.
b)Una lo expresado en a) a d) con G) a J) y lo expresado en e) a j) con A) a F) en el diagrama.
a) cercariaee) cercariae return to wateri) eggs are excreted
b) eggsf) embryos invade snailsj)embryos grow into cercariae
c) embryog) cercariae penetrate human skin
d) snailh) eggs hatch
c) Observe ahora el siguiente diagrama y elija la opción correcta para completarel texto.
(Before/When) they enter the circulation, the second stage of the fluke’s life cycle begins. First, the (cercariae/adult worms) pass through the system (while/until) they reach the veins of the liver. There they are allowed to remain for some time and after this stage is over, they have grown into (cercariae/adult worms). Then the (cercariae/adult worms) move to the urinary bladder – in the case of S.haematobium- or the intestines S.mansoni, S.japonicum. (After/As) the adults (are excreted/lay their eggs), these are excreted in the urine or faeces, but (before/after) they leave the body, the eggs cause inflammation in the affected organs to arise. (On/While) they are excreted in water which contains snails, the eggs can begin the life cycle again.
II)
a) Measuring human use of nature
The recognition that present industrial lifestyles and the dominant market economy perpetuate not only an inequitable welfare distribution but also threaten the very integrity of the biosphere on which human life depends, has impelled the search for new paths of development which might be sustainable. Therefore, several methods to analyse consumption and pollution patterns have been developed and refined to determine the human load on the world’s ecosystems. In spite of the intricacies of the biosphere and the human subsystem, such overall analyses indicate to what extent this load is within the present regenerative capacity of the biosphere, or in other words, to what extent humanity lives within the interest of the natural capital.
Recent attempts to measure human load on the planet (e.g., the ecological footprint assessment) buildon earlier ones that estimated the dependence of human life on nature. As most of these efforts build on the principle of mass constancy and the first two laws of thermodynamics, their results are not only similar, but, in most cases, also compatible. While their applications and representations vary, their aim is the same: to quantify human use of nature in order to motivate and implement a reduction of human impact.
- Sin utilizar el diccionario, proponga probables significados para las palabras marcadas en negrita
- Indique dónde ubicaría las siguientes palabras, reemplazando a las marcadas.
forced – way of living – contribution – objective – unfair, unjust – be based
- Si todavía hay palabras cuyo significado no le queda claro, antes de ir al diccionario verifique que realmente sean imprescindibles para comprender las ideas principales. Márquelas a éstas en el texto y elabore con ellas un breve resumen
b) What the “ecological footprint” shows
The ecological footprint, although still being developed, is probably among the most effective tools for providing an overview of human impact on nature and for conveying this analysis in simple terms. Because humans consume the products and services of nature, every person has an impact on the earth. This physical reality is not a problem as long as the human load stays within regenerating capacity. But does it? The ecological footprint concept has been designed to answer this question by estimating people’s impact on the planet and generating ideas for what needs to be done about it. The footprint accomplishes this by measuring the biologically productive areas that people use to sustain themselves. Ecological footprint calculations are based on two simple facts:
1)most of people’s consumption and much of the waste they generate can be accounted for;
2)the biologically productive areas appropriated for production of this consumption and for assimilation of the waste can be calculated.
Thus, the ecological footprint of any define population (from a single individual to that of a whole city or country) is the total area of biologically productive land and sea occupied to produce the resources and services consumed and to assimilate the wastes generated by that population through the prevailing technology. As people use goods and services from all over the world and affect faraway places with their waste, footprints sum up this biologically productive areas wherever that land and water is located on the planet. By expressing footprints and biocapacity in average areas with world-average yield, they become internationally comparable.
a)Explique, en sus palabras el concepto de “ecological footprint”. Compare su interpretación con las de sus compañeros.
b) ¿Cuál es, según el texto, la utilidad que presenta este concepto?
c)Traduzca los párrafos.
d)Conclusion
World-wide, the present footprint of the humanity exceeds the global biocapacity by approximately one third. Hence, humanity consumes more than nature can regenerate and is depleting the earth’s natural stock. This pinpoints the challenge for many nations; i.e. to leave biologically productive space for other people’s consumption and waste assimilation and undisturbed habitats for other species. The ecological footprint offers a new way of showing this biophysical reality of human life on hearth. It is important to note, however, that the ecological footprint is not about proving ecological defeat, but rather a method for documenting the present situation, and supporting the planning for a sustainable future.
- Diga si las siguientes afirmaciones son verdaderas o falsas.
1)La humanidad ha usado hasta el momento un tercio de los recursos disponibles
2)Los recursos naturales se renuevan a la misma velocidad a la que se consumen
3)El enfoque presentado proporciona buenas probabilidades en cuanto a conocer con precisión el panorama ecológico actual
IV) Traducir los siguientes textos
a)Air pollution from motor vehicles in developing countries does not yet present a problem of the magnitude reached in highly industrialised countries. However, as urbanisation and industrialisation develop in these countries, the contribution to air pollution from motor vehicle emissions could increase very rapidly, the more so since the vehicles in service will be on the average older and less well maintained, and have a high weight-to-horsepower ratio; the resulting pollution will be out of proportion to the number of vehicles. Diesel engines, an attractive alternative to petrol-powered motor vehicles in some developing countries, have the advantage that they produce virtually no hydrocarbons that can take part in photochemical reactions and no carbon monoxide. Unless correctly maintained, however, they can produce smoke, odour, and noise.
b)The cells of the respiratory membranes have an excretory function that is essentially passive, since the CO2, which is under higher tension in the blood than in the water or air, follows the physical laws of diffusion of gases and passes from the blood. In addition to CO2, a large amount of water and heat is lost from the blood of homothermal animals, this amount depending on the moisture and temperature of the air entering the lungs.
V) 1) Lea el Título e Introducción del texto que está a continuación. ¿Cuál ha sido el objetivo del estudio?
2)Lea rápidamente y tome nota de la ideas principales para realizar un resumen. No se detenga en palabras que nos son necesarias para comprender en general de qué se trata el texto.
3)Responda:
a)¿A qué se refiere la frase “the proposed measure”?
b)¿Cuál es la relación entre anemia y malaria?
c)¿Por qué se suministra hierro?
d)¿Cuál fue el grupo de sujetos sometidos a la experiencia que dio los mejores resultados?
e)El tratamiento propuesto, ¿presenta algunas desventajas?