EOC Coverage Sheet for Biology

  • Lipids – composed of fatty acids or glycerol– functions: energy storage, insulation, protective coverings
  • Yeast – gives off CO2 - goes through anaerobic respiration
  • DNA replication occurs in the nucleus
  • DNA and RNA are nucleic acids
  • Phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base makes up a nucleotide (DNA and RNA –nucleic acids)
  • DNA – backbone (deoxyribose sugar), phosphate, held together by a weak hydrogen bond – double stranded - found in the nucleus
  • DNA nitrogen bases – A-T-C-G
  • Sequence of nitrogen bases on DNA makes 2 species different
  • RNA nitrogen bases – A-U-C-G
  • Transcription and translation
  • Transcription – occurs in the nucleus (DNA – inside the chromosomes)
  • Translation – occur in the ribosomes (cytoplasm)
  • The function of tRNA is to bring amino acids to the ribosomes
  • Codon/Anticodon
  • Amino acid chart
  • Seed coat – protection
  • Mitochondria – produces ATP (energy)- site of protein synthesis
  • Enzymes – classified as proteins – aka catalysts – lock and key method – anything that ends in ase is an enzyme – Function – speeds up or increases the rate of a chemical reaction – Parts: enzyme, substrate, active site, new product
  • Ose – sugar also known as a carbohydrate or monosaccharide
  • Punnett squares
  • Homozygous
  • Heterozygous
  • Phenotype
  • Genotype
  • Pedigree
  • DNA fingerprinting – gel electrophoresis
  • Karyotype
  • XX-Female
  • XY-Male
  • Nondisjunction
  • Chance of down syndrome increases with the age of the mother (younger or older age)
  • Parts of the flower
  • Parts of the leaf
  • Sexual and asexual reproduction
  • Mitosis – same – identical as the parent cell – It happens in somatic cells (skin, body, tissue cells), asexual reproduction
  • Mitosis steps – interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase – 2 daughter cells
  • Meiosis – ½ the number as the parent cell- occurs in sex cells (gametes - sperm and egg), sexual reproduction
  • Meiosis – 4 haploid daughter cells
  • Type A,B dominant
  • Type O - recessive
  • Type AB – codominant
  • Polygenic inheritance – skin color, AABBCC – very dark, aabbcc – no color (albino), AaBbCc – medium skin color, so it depends on the number of dominant alleles there are
  • Sperm > fertilizes egg > zygote > embryo > fetus (She Eats Zebra Every Friday)
  • Pollination > fertilization > seed formation > seed germination (Please Forgive Sister Faye and Sister Gertrude)
  • Angiosperms – produce flower and seed enclosed in a fruit –monocots, dicots (angi loves flower) – produces seeds in an ovary
  • Gymnosperms – seed produced on cones (Gym loves cones)
  • Endosperm – food storage
  • Cell theory – 1) Cells are the basic unit of organization, 2) cells come from preexisting cells, 3) organisms are made up of one or more cells
  • Plasma membrane
  • Chemosynthesis
  • Photosynthesis – 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight > C6 H12O 6 + 6O2
  • The sun is the ultimate source of energy
  • Aerobic respiration (cellular respiration) – produces more ATP(energy) than anaerobic respiration – needs oxygen
  • Cell parts and functions
  • Folds on the inside of the mitochondria, called cristae, increases the surface area
  • Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
  • Cells > tissues > organs > organ systems
  • A fresh plant in salt water – hypertonic – shrink
  • A fresh plant in fresh water – isotonic – stays the same
  • Salt in fresh – hypotonic – swell
  • Homeostasis
  • pH scale
  • Active transport – needs energy – low to high – against the concentration gradient – endocytosis, exocytosis, carrier proteins
  • Passive transport – no energy – high to low – down or with the concentration gradient – osmosis, diffusion, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion (with transport proteins)
  • Osmosis is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (passive transport – no energy)
  • Autotrophic/heterotrophic
  • Abiotic/biotic
  • Food chain/food web
  • Symbiosis – parasitism, mutualism, commensalism
  • Lichens – pioneer species
  • Succession – rock, lichen, mosses, grasses, shrubs, pines, hardwoods
  • Climax community
  • Density-dependent factors – disease, competition, parasites, food – increases as the population increases
  • Density-independent factors – affects all populations regardless of density – temperature, storms, floods, drought, and habitat disruption
  • Energy pyramid
  • Biological magnification
  • Carbon cycle – 2 major processes involved – photosynthesis and cellular respiration
  • Dichotomous key
  • Selections – Disruptive, Directional, and Stabilizing
  • Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species (King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain)
  • Chordate/Chordata – means backbone
  • Gills in fish have the same function as lungs in mammals – gills : fish as lungs : birds
  • Stomata : leaf as lungs : humans
  • Primary succession – no soil – occurs after an avalanche, volcano
  • Secondary succession – soil already exists – occurs after human activity or natural disaster
  • Muscles
  • Gall bladder
  • Efficiency of a 4-chamber heart compared to a 3-chamber heart is it separates oxygenated blood from deoxygenated blood
  • Innate behavior – behavior we are born with, an inherited, genetically based behavior in animals, includes automatic responses and instinctive behaviors: Ex. - mouse running away when a cat appears, duck flying south for the winter, toads sticking out their tongue to capture prey, baby sucking a bottle or thumb
  • Imprinting – duck, when a baby duck hatches, the first image it sees it imprints that as its mother
  • Circadian rhythm – a 24-hour cycle of behavior (flower opens in the day and closes at night), (an owl hunting at night and sleeping in the day)
  • Trial and error – a mouse going through a maze
  • Conditioning – Ex. Pavlov’s dog
  • Carolus Linnaeus originally used plants and animals in his classification system
  • Open-ended circulatory system – blood moves through vessels and into open spaces and the body organs – Ex. Mollusks, squid, slugs, clams and snails
  • Closed-ended circulatory system – blood moves through the body enclosed entirely in a series of blood vessels – Ex. Octopuses
  • Gastrovascular – a large cavity in which digestion takes place in cnidarians, hydras, jellyfish, Portuguese man of war and sea anemones
  • You do not use protein for energy (it’s used for a last resort for energy)
  • Starch – Iodine (Lugols) – positive test: color black/blue – carbohydrate – polysaccharides are the building blocks of starch
  • Proteins – Biuret – positive test : color – pink /purple- amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
  • Sugar – Benedicts – positive test : color – red/orange – carbohydrate- monosaccharides are the building blocks of sugar
  • Lipids – brown paper bag – positive test – translucent or greasy spot
  • Parts and function of microscope – total magnification
  • Sickle-cell anemia affects red blood cells
  • Cross-section of the leaf
  • Main function of the leaf is for photosynthesis
  • Function of the tiny hairs on root tips: to increase surface area of a root, absorb water and oxygen and dissolved minerals
  • Phototaxis – euglena
  • Amoeba
  • Paramecium – the gullet serves as the same function as the mouth of the human (used to intake food)
  • Hypertension – high blood pressure when at rest, symptoms if untreated: stroke, heart failure, kidney failure
  • Phylogenetic chart – the more primitive organisms are located at the bottom of the chart – Ch 17
  • Total number of chromosomes in the human gamete is 23
  • Root tips are specialized for cell division in plant cells
  • CFC’s affects the Earth’s ozone layer
  • No amino acids in the diet will result in malnutrition
  • Age structures – p. 103 (rapid, slow, no growth)
  • Early earth conditions consisted of prokaryotic cells going through anaerobic respiration
  • Pheromones are used for communication
  • To get active immunity to a disease: antibodies received by previously having the disease
  • Function of restriction enzymes – to cut DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence
  • A mother breast feeding her baby is a type of passive immunity
  • Incomplete and Intermediate dominance is the same thing
  • Human genes inserted into bacteria to produce human insulin is a form of genetic engineering
  • Transgenic organism – Ex. Bacterium being used for human insulin
  • Tobacco smoke is a cause of emphysema
  • Biochemical evidence for evolution is DNA
  • Enzymes and hemoglobin are both a type of protein
  • Virus - needs a host to survive – a virus has an inner core of DNA or RNA and an outer protein coat (capsid) and some have an envelope (second outer layer)
  • Estivation – a state of reduced metabolism in response to lack of food or periods of drought, in animals living in intense heat
  • B cells produce antibodies
  • The best way to determine the age of a fossil is by utilizing radiaoactive isotopes –pg. 372 (half-life)

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