Env-2E02 Energy Resources 2005

Name ......

Project Group ......

Practical Group ......

ENV-2E02 ENERGY RESOURCES 2005

PRACTICAL HANDOUTS

Artists impression of the “Stingray” Device to extract wave energy and due to be deployed in 2002.

CONTENTS

Page No

INTRODUCTION / 1
PRACTICAL TIMETABLE and relationship between practical groups and Project Groups / 2
1. Energy/ GDP relationships / 5
2. Energy From Wood / 9
3. Passive Solar Energy / 15
4. Wind Energy Part 1 / 24
Wind Energy Part 2 / 28
Wind Energy Part 3 / 29
5. Responding to letters in the National Press / 33
6. Partially competed data for Solar Energy Practical / 35
This section will only be used if solar energy practical has
to be curtailed

INTRODUCTION

This Handout gives expanded details of all the practicals in the ENV-2E02 course in 2005. It is intended that you should READ the relevant section IN ADVANCE of the practical sessions to make those periods more effective. This is particularly important as, because of numbers constraints, it is necessary to have two or more separate practicals running simultaneously in some weeks.

Occasionally supplementary information may be given as separate sheets should information about any practical change (e.g. minor changes to software etc.)

You are reminded that for the WIND ENERGY PRACTICALS, you will require to get TWO BLANK and FORMATTED high density disks for each practical group of 3. These must NOT contain anything else on them, but of course, when this Course finishes you are free to use them again.

Details of the Formal Course Work Requirements are given in a separate Handout

PRACTICAL TIMETABLE FOR ENV-2E02 - 2005 - subject to revision Version 1.0 – 31st December 2004

WEEK 1 / All Groups - GDP Energy Relationships - simple predictive methods. followed by Project Group Seminars Thursday 14:17:00
Location Lab B
WEEK 2 / All Groups - Practical: Electricity Production from Wood - Lab B Thursday 14:17:00
Project Briefings for those doing Domestic, Industrial and Commercial Sectors at 18:00 Monday SCI 3.05

At the time of preparation of this handout, the room allocations had yet to be finalised, and the schedule for weeks 3 – 9 is dependant on rooms available.

Details will be posted on the WEB Page.

Provisionally:

WEEK 3 / No lecture, but 4 hours of practical split in 2 halves each of 2 hours.
Session 1 in Room 0.63 (2 hours) Either: Tuesday 14:00 – 16:00, Wednesday 14:00 – 16:00
Or: Thursday 12:00 – 14:00 or 14:15 – 16:30
Or: Friday 10:00 – 12:00
Please note it will be essential for a minimum of 5 groups to do the first session at a time other than on Thursday.
Session 2 in Lab B Either 12:30 – 14:45 or 14:45 – 17:00 to finish Wood Energy practical
SCI 3.05: Project Briefings for those doing Transport 18:00 Monday; Solar and Wind 18:20 Monday
WEEK 4 / Groups A & B Lab B: Solar Energy Practical / Project Groups C and D: Work on Projects

Project Briefings for those doing Renewables: 18:00 Monday: SCI 3.05

WEEK 5 / Project Groups A and B: Work on Projects / Groups C & D Lab B: Solar Energy Practical
WEEK 6 / Work on Projects: 15 minute time slots will be bookable with NKT. Priority booking will be given for whole seminar groups A, B, C, D, or groups doing the same project (i.e. Solar, Wind, etc). Individuals can book only if slots are available

The arrangements for the following weeks are subject to change

WEEK 7 / Seminar Presentations: - one group 09:00 – 11:00 : two groups 12:00 – 14:00; one group 14:30 – 16:30: No lecture: Rooms to be announced.
WEEK 8 / Groups A & B Thursday pm Wind Energy Practical (lab D) / Project Groups C and D Finalise Group Project – part 1
WEEK 9 / Project Groups A and B Finalise Group Project – part 2 / Groups C & D Thursday pm Wind Energy Practical
WEEK 10 / Finalise Group Scenarios: - you can also work on practical write ups (please note NKT may possibly not be available during this session. Lab A and D

The following weeks will be more or less as indicated below

WEEK 11 / 14:00 – 15:00 Letter Writing to National Press followed by time to finish practical write-ups: Lab A

NOTE: Arrangements for weeks towards end of Semester may have to be changed - See WEB Page for modifications

PRACTICAL GROUPS 2005

Project Group / Practical Group / No in group
A1 / 3
Group / A2 / 3
A / A3 / 3
A4 / 3
B5 / 3
Group / B6 / 3
B / B7 / 3
B8 / 3
C9 / 3
Group / C10 / 3
C / C11 / 3
C12 / 3
D13 / 3
Group /

D14

/ 3
D / D15 / 3
D16 / 3

PRACTICAL 1:

1 GDP/ENERGY RELATIONSHIPS as a means for predicting future Energy Demand

1.1 AIM

To examine how energy consumption in the UK has varied with GDP since 1950 and to consider two methods for predicting future energy demand.

1.2 INTRODUCTION

Many Economists believe that there are relationships between the Energy Consumption of a Country and that countries GDP and one way to predict future energy demand is to examine historical trends and make projections based on the derived relationships. Since the energy demand varies with the wealth of a nation, refinements are often added so that a relationship between the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and energy use is used in these projections. Predictions of future energy use can then be made, following an assumption about economic growth of a country. In this practical we shall examine. some of these relationships.

1.3 GDP/Energy Relationships

The primary energy consumption/GDP table shows the consumption of energy, both in million tonnes of coal equivalent and in GJ, and also the GDP at 1990 factor costs.

Two relationships are often used:-

1.3.1. Energy Ratio (R)

Energy Consumed

Currently this parameter is defined as ------

GDP at 1990 cost.

The energy consumed is corrected appropriately for temperature.

a) Plot variation with Energy Consumption (PJ) with time

b) Evaluate the energy ratio for each year from 1950 onwards, some values are already included for you!.

c) Plot the energy ratio against year on the special graph paper provided.

d) Comment on the shape of the curves. What significance do these have for future projections?

NOTE: There was a question in the 1985 Exam based on the topic covered in this practical. see ENV 217 Resources and Society which was a fore-runner to this course

FURTHER READING for Energy Coefficient:

Economic Trends No 274 - August 1976 - paper by R.I.G. Aden

Economic Trends - May 1981 - paper by M. Hull, pp. 88-91

Economic Trends - May 1989

TABLE A1.1 PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION, GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT AND ENERGY RATIO

YEAR / OIL(million tonnes equivalent) / Energy (PJ) / GDP (billion pounds 1995 value) / Energy Ratio (GJ/£1000)
1950 / 143.5 / 6008.3 / 275.7 / 21.79
1951 / 148.4 / 6213.5 / 280.9 / 22.12
1952 / 147.4 / 6171.6 / 283.0 / 21.81
1953 / 152.0 / 6364.2 / 294.2 / 21.63
1954 / 156.6 / 6556.8 / 306.6 / 21.38
1955 / 159.4 / 6674.1 / 317.8 / 21.00
1956 / 160.7 / 6728.5 / 322.1 / 20.89
1957 / 159.8 / 6690.8 / 327.5 / 20.43
1958 / 159.2 / 6665.7 / 326.9 / 20.39
1959 / 160.5 / 6720.1 / 340.0 / 19.76
1960 / 170.7 / 7147.2 / 359.1 / 19.91
1961 / 171.5 / 7180.7 / 368.9 / 19.47
1962 / 172.4 / 7218.4 / 374.0 / 19.30
1963 / 177.8 / 7444.5 / 388.8 / 19.15
1964 / 183.5 / 7683.1 / 410.4 / 18.72
1965 / 189.5 / 7934.4 / 422.6 / 18.78
1966 / 190.8 / 7988.8 / 430.6 / 18.55
1967 / 191.1 / 8001.4 / 440.1 / 18.18
1968 / 197.2 / 8256.8 / 459.3 / 17.98
1969 / 203.5 / 8520.5 / 470.8 / 18.10
1970 / 211.9 / 8872.3 / 476.4 / 18.62
1971 / 209.7 / 8780.1 / 486.1
1972 / 212.6 / 8901.6 / 503.6
1973 / 223.1 / 9341.2 / 539.6
1974 / 212.4 / 8893.2 / 532.2
1975 / 206.0 / 8625.2 / 529.4
1976 / 208.9 / 8746.6 / 543.6
1977 / 213.1 / 8922.5 / 556.9
1978 / 213.7 / 8947.6 / 575.2
1979 / 220.0 / 9211.4 / 590.7
1980 / 206.2 / 8633.6 / 578.6
1981 / 198.7 / 8319.6 / 570.2
1982 / 196.3 / 8219.1 / 581.2
1983 / 197.5 / 8269.3 / 601.7
1984 / 196.7 / 8235.8 / 617.2
1985 / 203.1 / 8503.8 / 639.2
1986 / 206.8 / 8658.7 / 664.5
1987 / 210.0 / 8792.7 / 694.7
1988 / 217.7 / 9115.1 / 729.2
1989 / 217.8 / 9119.3 / 745.0
1990 / 221.6 / 750.7
1991 / 221.4 / 740.4
1992 / 220.6 / 741.9
1993 / 222.5 / 759.1
1994 / 221.5 / 792.7
1995 / 226.6 / 815.2
1996 / 230.1 / 837.2
1997 / 232.6 / 864.7
1998 / 235.8 / 891.7
1999 / 235.7 / 916.6
2000 / 237.9 / 951.3
2001 / 238.7 / 971.6
2002 / 236.2 / 987.9
2003 / 236.8 / 1009.2

Data derived from Table 1.1.4 of Digest of UK Energy Statistics (2004).

Energy Ratio = total inland primary energy consumption (temperature corrected)

GDP at 2000 factor cost

Conversion Factor used in all Tables in Digest of UK Energy Statistics 1 tonne oil = 41.87 GJ

Comment on the trend of Energy Ratio with time.

PRACTICAL 2: ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLE ENERGY - WOOD

2.1 AIM

To examine the potential of an Energy Resource which can be exploited either in a sustainable way or in a way which will eventually deplete the resource, and to consider some related Environmental Aspects

2.2 INTRODUCTION

In mid September 1992 it was announced that a 20 MW electricity power station was planned for Thetford Forest and this would use wood from 30 year old trees from the forest as a fuel. The wood would be harvested after 30 years of growth and then replanted. Each year a different area would be cleared to provide the fuel returning to the same area after 30 years.

In this practical we shall investigate whether this proposal makes sustainable use of the resources. We shall also look at the effect (in an alternative proposal) of a power station with twice the output. Besides the basic assessment the supply of energy we shall also look at the energy requirements to exploit the reserve, and also an "alternative" Energy use of the fuel.

In exploiting a renewable (of for that matter a non-renewable resource) for energy we must consider not only the potential energy supply, but also the energy overheads in obtaining energy in the form we require. Even though we may be using renewable energy, there may be unacceptable environmental consequences associated with such a project.

We need to consider several aspects. Thus energy must be used in harvesting the timber, in transporting it to the power station, cutting it into sizes suitable for combustion. There will then be inefficiencies in the power station itself. All these must be considered. We should also consider the question as to whether or not the proposal makes most effective use of the resource. What about alternatives? How about transporting timber directly to Norwich (say), and burning the fuel directly in boilers (e.g. UEA?), or how about a CHP scheme for central Norwich? What about the environmental consequences of a power station in Thetford Forest: aesthetics?; cooling water requirement (possibly cooling towers)?; increased truck movement? etc. We shall consider some of these but you should think for yourself what other factors might be affected.

The attached map shows a plan of Thetford Forest. You should note that there are two additional areas of forest which may be included. One covers 16 sq km and is located 7 km south of A, the other has 8 sq km and is 3 km east of B.

2.3 THE STEPS INVOLVED IN THIS ASSESSMENT OF THE RESOURCE

To undertake such an appraisal it is necessary to ESTIMATE* the following:-

1) the area of the forest from the map.

2) the annual "growth" in Energy in each 1 km2

3) the annual Energy Requirement of the Power Station.

4) the Energy Overheads for harvesting the wood.

5) the total area required to provide for sustained output.

6) the maximum sustainable output from the Power Station.