Electronic Supplementary Material for a Phylogenetically Controlled Analysis of the Roles

Electronic Supplementary Material for "A phylogenetically controlled analysis of the roles of reproductive traits in plant invasions"

Jean H. Burns, Tia-Lynn Ashman, Janette A. Steets, Alexandra Harmon-Threatt, and Tiffany M. Knight

Online Appendix A. Focal species and phylogeny used in this study for the comparison of pollen limitation in native and introduced species (fig. 1A).

Fig 1A The cladogram phylogeny of the species used in this study to determine the relationships among autogamy, self-compatibility, asexual reproduction, pollen limitation, and invasion success. This phylogeny was not used in the calculation of phylogenetic novelty (see Online Appendix B), but was used to control for phylogenetic relationships among focal species in this study. Branch lengths are not shown, but were incorporated in the analysis.

Online Appendix B. Phylogeny generation for phylogenetic novelty measures.

When possible, we used phylomatic to estimate the phylogeny for each native community, using the most recent angiosperm phylogeny from the angiosperm phylogeny website (following methods in Hill and Kotanen 2009; Webb & Donoghue 2005, Stevens 2009, Table 1B); however, some phylomatic phylogenies were insufficiently resolved to estimate relatedness to the nearest native neighbor, as detailed below. In these cases, we estimated the phylogeny using molecular data. The phylogenies we generated here, and used to estimate phylogenetic novelty, are deposited in TreeBASE (SN4438). First, species were chosen to include the most likely putative close relatives of the focal species. Most such sampling was within families and sometimes within genera. Second, the sequences were downloaded from GenBank (see Accession numbers below) and aligned using Clustal W (Version 1.82, Thompson et al. 1994, Chenna et al. 2003) with the following parameters: IUB pairwise mass matrix, 10.0 Gap opening penalty, 6.66 gap extension penalty, 0.50 transition weighing, 8 gap separation distance, 40% identity for delay, and the end gap separation penalty off. Third, ModelTest was used to select the best model for generating the maximum likelihood phylogeny (ModelTest Version 3.7; Posada and Crandall 1998) using Akiake's information criterion (AIC) (Burnham and Anderson 2002). Fourth, a phylogeny was estimated using maximum likelihood in PAUP version 4.0b10 (Swofford 1998) using a heuristic search algorithm with TBR branch swapping.

Non-parametric rate smoothing (NPRS) was conducted on all phylogenies in r8s (Sanderson 1997) following Wikström et al. (2001) to scale the branch lengths. This method calibrates the phylogeny using fossil information, by fixing the split between Fagales and Cucurbitales at 84 MYR, and then smoothing the remaining branch lengths following Sanderson (1997). The calibration was performed three times to check for local optima (sensu Wikström et al. 2001). The same scaling procedure was used throughout, such that branches were on the same scale across studies (approximate millions of years).

California Cirsium

To measure phylogenetic novelty of California Cirsium (KI Powell, unpublished data), we used the ITS data from Kelch and Baldwin (2003) (GenBank AF4436-- and AF4437-- series), with outgroups chosen from Wikström et al. (2001), and rbcL data for three species, an Asteraceae, a Fagales, and a Cucurbitales (Brachylaena huillensis EU213449, Casuarina equisetifoliaAY263930 and Cucurbita ficifolia DQ535804). Branch lengths were not available from published phylogenies, so the combined ITS and rbcL data were reanalyzed. ModelTest (version 3.7) with AIC was used to choose a GTR + I +  model. A maximum likelihood analysis was used to generate a phylogeny with branch lengths (Paup version 4.0, beta 10) with Fagales and Cucurbitales as outgroups (Kelch and Baldwin 2003). The likelihood search found five most likely trees with a likelihood score of 5213.08901. Then non-parametric rate smoothing (NPRS) was conducted in r8s (Sanderson 1997) following Wikström et al. (2001) to scale the branch lengths. Phylogenetic novelty was estimated across all five most likely trees for Cirsiumvulgare, which we get by adding the branch lengths for between Cirsiumvulgare and its closest relative in this community, C. arvense (Fig. 1B). Cirsiumvulgare was sister to C. arvense across all five most likely phylogenies, and the error in the estimate of phylogenetic novelty was SD = 1.3MY.

Fig 1B Maximum likelihood phylogeny (one randomly chosen tree out of five) with a likelihood of 5213.08901. Phylogenetic novelty was calculated as the sum of the branch lengths between the introduced species Cirsium vulgare and its closest native neighbor in this community, C. arvense (42 + 3.7 = 45.7). This is the only species for which there was variation in the estimate of phylogenetic novelty across trees. Different estimates did not influence the relationship between phylogenetic novelty and pollen limitation.

Orchidaceae

There was insufficient resolution in the phylomatic phylogeny for Orchidaceae in Puerto Rico to calculate phylogenetic novelty for Oeceoclades maculata. We therefore used rbcL and matK sequences from GenBank (matK: EF079333, EU490678, AY396097, AY396093, EF065598, EU214315, AY869965, EU214321, AY557203, AM900818, EU490681, AF239508, EU214160, AY368404, EU490690, AJ519450, EU490691, EU214167, EU214239, AY368408, EU490695, EU214358, AY147238, AF263761, AF350627, EU490696, EU214362, AY870004, EF079194, EU214376, AF265487, AB366617, EU214178, EU214179, EU214411, AM902109, EU214415, EF079260, EU214183, AM902105, DQ091313, EU214186, AM900808, AY396092, EU490706, EU490711, EU214491, AJ543932, AY396094, AF350614, AF265476, AY368433, AF263687, AY368434, rbcL: AF074111, AF518025, AF518069, D58405, AF074136, AJ542419, AJ542425, AF074144, AF074149, AF074150, AF074156, AJ519446, AF518062, AF518060, EU213468, AF074171, AF074175, AF074177, AF518029, AF518031, AF074182, AY368362, AF518046, AF074185, AF074188, AJ542436, AY368366, AF264171, AJ542423, AF518042, AJ542417, AJ519445, AF518067, AF074229, AY381135, AF074236, AF074240) for each genus, rooted using Casuarina riparia (AY191713) and Cucurbita pepo (DQ536666). ModelTest chose the GTR+I+G model with an AIC of 37992.6016. A maximum likelihood tree search found a single most likely tree with a likelihood of 18393.14980 (Fig. 2B).

Fig 2B Maximum likelihood phylogeny for the Puerto Rico Orchidaceae used to estimate phylogenetic novelty. The phylogenetic distance between Oeceoclades and its nearest neighbor, Eulophia, is 20.9 + 8.6 = 29.5 MY.

Brassicaceae

There was insufficient resolution in the phylomatic phylogeny for Brassicaceae to determine the relationship of Raphanus to native Brassicaceae. No TreeBASE alignment was available that contained Raphanus sativus, for either the California Brassicaceae or the Illinois Brassicaceae. For the Illinois Brassicaceae, we therefore used GenBank sequences for rbcL (EF590570, DQ310542, AF020323, AY167981, AF020324, NC_009272, D88906, AF020325, AF020328) and matK (EF590417, AF144350, AY994191, NC_009272, NC_009273, AY483225, AF174530) to resolve the phylogeny, rooted with Cucurbita pepo(Cucurbitaceae, DQ536666) and Casuarina equisetifolia(Casuarinaceae, AY263930). ModelTest chose the TVM+G model with an AIC of 27713.3848. A single most likely tree was recovered with a likelihood score of 13810.49725 (Fig. 3B).

Fig 3B Single most likely phylogeny for the Illinois Brassicaceae. Raphanus raphanistrum was related to several other species with a phylogenetic distance of 0.7 + 18.7 = 19.4 MY.

A phylogeny was also generated for the California Brassicaceae also using rbcL (EF590571, DQ310542, AP009370, AF020324, NC_009272, AY167980, D88906, AF020328, AY167982, AY483263, AY263930, DQ535804, EF590571, DQ310542, AP009370, AF020324, NC_009272, AY167980, D88906, AF020328, AY167982, AY483263, AY263930, DQ535804) and matK (AF144333, AF144346, DQ409262, AF144355, AF144366, AY483226, AF144360, AF174531, EF590418, DQ536666, AP009370, NC_009272). ModelTest chose a TVM+G model with an AIC score of 21135.7520. A maximum likelihood search found a single most likely tree with a score of 10438.42313 (Fig. 4B).

Fig 4B The single most likely phylogeny for Raphanus sativus in California. Phylogenetic novelty for this species was 51.9 + 5.9 + 16.8 = 74.6 MY.

Caryophyllaceae: Silene

Silene was unresolved in the phylomatic phylogeny for Virginia Caryophyllaceae, and no GenBank sequences were available for Silene alba, therefore the estimate of 11.33 (based on the sum of the branch lengths to the nearest native neighbor) for phylogenetic novelty of Silene alba, based on the phylomatic phylogeny, may be an overestimate.

1

Table 1B Definitions of the native community for each invasive species, used in the calculation of phylogenetic novelty.

Species / Study reference / Native community location / Source for native community / Flora reference / Phylogenetic novelty
(estimates across most likely phylogenies, when there was more than one) / Species included in phylogeny / Method of phylogeny generation / TreeBASE accession number
Barbarea vulgaris / Harmon-Threatt et al. 2009 / Tyson Research Center, St. Louis Co., Missouri, USA / Tyson Research Center Flora / Tyson Flora 2008 / 37.3 / Tyson Florab / Phylomatic / NAa
Caesalpinia decapetala / Rambuda and Johnson 2004 / KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa / Flora of South Africa / Ross 1977 / 12.0 / Caesalpinia bonduc
Caesalpinia pearsonii
Caesalpinia rubra
Caesalpinia rostrata
Caesalpinia decapetala / Phylomatic / NA
Canna indica / Rambuda and Johnson 2004 / KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa / The Flora of South Africa / Marloth 1925 / 3.0 / Aloe africana
Andropogon contortus
Aponogeton distachyus
Barbacenia retinervis
Burmannia inhambanensis
Canna indica
Carpha glomerata
Commelina africana
Disa uniflora
Elegia juncea
Eriocaulon subulatum
Flagellaria indica
Heteranthera kotschyana
Jubaeopsis caffra
Kaempferia natalensis
Lagarosiphon muscoides
Lanaria plumosa
Lemna minor
Moraea polystachya
Najas interrupta
Nerine sarniensis
Prionium serratum
Strelitzia reginae
Testudinaria multiflora
Triglochin bulbosum
Typha capensis
Xyris natalensis
Zantedeschia rehmanni / Phylomatic / NA
Cirsium vulgare / Powell and Knight 2009 / Pt. Reyes National Seashore, California, USA / Calflora database / Calflora 2000 / Mean = 45.1
(42.8, 45.7, 45.7, 45.7, 45.7) / Californian Cirsium (Fig. 1B) / ITS and rbcL / SN4438-22206
Commelina communis / Harmon-Threatt et al. 2009 / Tyson Research Center, St. Louis Co., Missouri, USA / Tyson Research Center Flora / Tyson Flora 2008 / 24.7 / Tyson Florab / Phylomatic / NA
Convolvulus arvensis / Harmon-Threatt et al. 2009 / Tyson Research Center, St. Louis Co., Missouri, USA / Tyson Research Center Flora / Tyson Flora 2008 / 24.3 / Tyson Florab / Phylomatic / NA
Cytisus scoparius / Parker and Haubensak 2002 / Marin County, CA, USA / Calflora database / Calflora 2000 / 4.1 / Marin Co. Fabaceaec / Phylomatic / NA
Dianthus armeria / Harmon-Threatt et al. 2009 / Tyson Research Center, St. Louis Co., Missouri, USA / Tyson Research Center Flora / Tyson Flora 2008 / 23.3 / Tyson Florab / Phylomatic / NA
Genista monspessulana / Parker and Haubensak 2002 / Marin County, CA, USA / Calflora database / Calflora 2000 / 6.0 / Marin Co. Fabaceaec / Phylomatic / NA
Lilium formosanum / Rambuda and Johnson 2004 / KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa / The Flora of South Africa / Marloth 1925 / 27.3 / Lilium formosanum
Behnia reticulata
Asparagus capensis
Gasteria nitida
Apicra foliolosa
Haworthia viscosa
Aloe dichotoma
Massonia pustulata
Lachenalia rubida
Drimia haworthioides
Kniphofia tabularis
Urginea filifolia
Tulbaghia alliacea
Eriospermum latifolium
Bulbine minima
Albuca major
Ornithogalum aureum
Hyacinthus corymbosus
Wurmbea capensis
Ornithoglossum viride
Dipidax ciliata
Androcymbium leucanthum
Wachendorfia paniculata
Dilatris viscosa / Phylomatic / NA
Lonicera japonica / Harmon-Threatt et al. 2009 / Tyson Research Center, St. Louis Co., Missouri, USA / Tyson Research Center Flora / Tyson Flora 2008 / 23.3 / Tyson Florab / Phylomatic / NA
Lonicera maackii / Goodell and Iler 2007 / Ohio, USA / The Vascular Flora of Ohio / Cooperrider 1995 / 22.7 / Diervilla lonicera
Lonicera villosa
Lonicera canadensis
Lonicera oblongifolia
Lonicera maackii
Lonicera sempervirens
Lonicera dioica
Lonicera flava
Lonicera prolifera
Symphoricarpos albus Symphoricarpos orbiculatus
Linnaea borealis
Triosteum perfoliatum
Triosteum angustifolium
Viburnum alnifolium
Viburnum cassinoides
Viburnum lentago
Viburnum prunifolium
Viburnum rufidulum
Viburnum rafinesquianum
Viburnum molle
Viburnum dentatum
Viburnum recognitum
Viburnum acerifolium
Viburnum opulus
Sambucus canadensis
Sambucus pubens / Phylomatic / NA
Nardus stricta / Kissling et al. 2006 / Canterbury, New Zealand / Flora of New Zealand / Edgar and Connor 2000 / 15.0 / New Zealand Poaceaed / Phylomatic / NA
Nepeta cataria / Sih and Baltus 1987 / Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan, USA / Michigan Plants Online / Michigan Plants Online 2008, USDA 2007 / 20.3 / Clinopodium vulgare
Glechoma hederacea
Lamium purpureum
Leonurus cardiaca
Lycopus americanus
Lycopus uniflorus
Marrubium vulgare
Mentha arvensis
Mentha spicata
Monarda fistulosa
Monarda punctata
Nepeta cataria
Prunella vulgaris
Pycnanthemum virginianum
Scutellaria galericulata
Scutellaria lateriflora
Scutellaria parvula
Stachys hyssopifolia / Phylomatic / NA
Oeceoclades maculata / González-Díaz Ackerman 1988 / Puerto Rico / Flora of Puerto Rico / Liogier and Martorell 1982 / 29.5 / Puerto Rican Orchidaceae (Fig. 2B) / rbcL and matK / SN4438-22207
Oenothera biennis / Rambuda and Johnson 2004 / KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa / The Flora of South Africa / Marloth 1925 / 23.7 / Epilobium sp
Jussieua sp
Ludwigia sp
Oenothera biennis
Oenothera odorata
Onagra sp
Trapa sp
Xylopleurum sp / Phylomatic / NA
Potentilla recta / Harmon-Threatt et al. 2009 / Tyson Research Center, St. Louis Co., Missouri, USA / Tyson Research Center Flora / Tyson Flora 2008 / 23.7 / Tyson Florab / Phylomatic / NA
Prunus mahaleb / Guittian 1993 / Iberian peninsula, Spain / European flora / Flora Europaea 2008 / 23.7 / Agrimonia eupatoria
Prunus acida
Prunus amygdalus
Prunus armeniaca
Prunus mahaleb / Phylomatic / NA
Raphanus raphanistrum / Pfennig and Conner 1997 / Illinois, USA / Guide to the Vascular Flora of Illinois: / Molhenbrock 1986 / 19.4 / Illinois Brassicaceae (Fig. 3B) / rbcL and matK / SN4438-22208
Raphanus sativus / Stanton 1987 / California, USA / Calflora database / Calflora 2000 / 74.6 / California Brassicaceae (Fig. 4B) / rbcL and matK / Matrix SN4438-22209
Senna didymobotrya / Rambuda and Johnson 2004 / KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa / The Flora of South Africa / Marloth 1925 / 2.0 / Abrus precatorius
Acacia karroo
Afzelia quazensis
Amphithalea ericifolia
Amphithalea ericifolia
Argyrolobium andrewsianum
Aspalathus laricifolia
Borbonia cordata
Borbonia cordata
Cassia obovata
Crotalaria capensis
Cyclopia genistoides
Dolichos gibbosus
Erythrina humeana
Fagelia bituminosa
Indigofera cytisoides
Liparia sphaerica
Podalyria calxptrata
Priestleya villosa
Psoralea aculeata
Psoralea aphylla
Pterocarpus erinaceus
Schotia latifolia
Senna didymobotrya
Sutherlandia frutescens
Virgilia capensis / Phylomatic / NA
Silene alba / Alexander 1987 / Virginia, USA / Digital Atlas of Virginia / Digital Atlas of Virginia 2008 / 11.3 / Arenaria lanuginosa
Arenaria serpyllifolia
Cerastium arvense
Cerastium brachypodum
Cerastium nutans
Honckenya peploides
Minuartia caroliniana
Minuartia glabra
Minuartia godfreyi
Minuartia groenlandica
Minuartia michauxii
Minuartia patula
Minuartia uniflora
Minuartia cumberlandensis
Moehringia lateriflora
Paronychia americana
Paronychia argyrocoma
Paronychia baldwinii
Paronychia canadensis
Paronychia fastigiata
Paronychia herniarioides
Paronychia montana
Paronychia virginica
Sagina decumbens
Silene caroliniana
Silene latifolia
Silene nivea
Silene ovata
Silene rotundifolia
Silene stellata
Silene virginica
Stellaria corei
Stellaria longifolia
Stellaria prostrata
Stellaria pubera
Stipulicida setacea / Phylomatic / NA
Silene latifolia / Wolfe and Blair unpublished / Virginia, USA / Flora of the Carolina and Virginia / Weakley 1996 / 22.7 / Arenaria lanuginosa
Arenaria serpyllifolia
Cerastium arvense
Cerastium brachypodum
Cerastium nutans
Honckenya peploides
Minuartia caroliniana
Minuartia glabra
Minuartia godfreyi
Minuartia groenlandica
Minuartia michauxii
Minuartia patula
Minuartia uniflora
Minuartia cumberlandensis
Moehringia lateriflora
Paronychia americana
Paronychia argyrocoma
Paronychia baldwinii
Paronychia canadensis
Paronychia fastigiata
Paronychia herniarioides
Paronychia montana
Paronychia virginica
Sagina decumbens
Silene caroliniana
Silene latifolia
Silene nivea
Silene ovata
Silene rotundifolia
Silene stellata
Silene virginica
Stellaria corei
Stellaria longifolia
Stellaria prostrata
Stellaria pubera
Stipulicida setacea / Phylomatic / NA
Spartina alterniflora / Bertness and Shumway 1992, Davis et al (2004) / Rhode Island, USA / Flora of Rhode Island / Gould et al. 1998 / 6.0 / Agrostis hyemalis
Agrostis perennans
Alopecurus aequalis
Ammophila breviligulata
Andropogon gerardii
Andropogon virginicus2
Aristida dichotoma
Aristida longespica
Aristida oligantha
Aristida purpurascens2
Brachyelytrum erectum
Bromus ciliatus
Bromus pubescens
Calamagrostis canadensis2
Calamagrostis cinnoides
Cenchrus longispinus
Cinna arundinaea
Danthonia compressa
Danthonia spicata
Deschampsia cespitosa
Deschampsia flexuosa
Digitaria filiformis
Distichlis spicata2
Echinochloa muricata
Echinochloa walteri
Elymus hystrix
Elymus riparius
Elymus villosus
Elymus virginicus
Eragrostis capillaris
Eragrostis pectinacea
Eragrostis spectabilis
Festuca pratensis
Festuca rubra
Glyceria acutiflora
Glyceria borealis
Glyceria canadensis
Glyceria grandis
Glyceria obtusa
Glyceria septentrionalis
Glyceria striata
Hierochloe odorata
Hordeum jubatum
Leersia oryzoides
Leersia virginica
Leptochloa fascicularis
Muhlenbergia frondosa
Muhlenbergia glomerata
Muhlenbergia mexicana
Muhlenbergia schreberi
Muhlenbergia sobolifera
Muhlenbergia sylvatica
Muhlenbergia tenuiflora
Muhlenbergia uniflora
Oryzopsis asperifolia
Oryzopsis pungens
Oryzopsis racemosa
Panicum amarum
Panicum capillare
Panicum clandestinum
Panicum columbianum
Panicum commutatum
Panicum depauperatum
Panicum dichotomiflorum
Panicum dichotomum
Panicum lanuginosum
Panicum latifolium
Panicum leucothrix
Panicum linearifolium
Panicum longiflolium
Panicum oligosanthes
Panicum philadelphicum
Panicum rigidulum
Panicum scabriusculum
Panicum scoparium
Panicum sphaerocarpon
Panicum spretum
Panicum verrucosum
Panicum villosissimum
Panicum virgatum
Panicum wrightianum
Paspalum setaceum
Phalaris arundinacea
Phragmites australis
Piptochaetium avenaceum
Poa languida
Poa paulustris
Puccinellia fasciculata
Puccinellia maritima
Puccinellia pallida
Puccinellia pumila
Schizachne purpurascens
Schizachyrium scoparium2
Setaria geniculata
Setaria magna
Sorghastrum nutans
Spartina alterniflora
Spartina caespitosa
Spartina cynosuroides
Spartina patens
Spartina pectinata
Sphenopholis nitida
Sphenopholis obtusata
Sphenopholis pensylvanica
Sporobolus asper
Sporobolus cryptandrus
Sporobolus vaginiflorus
Stipa comata
Tridens flavus
Triplasis purpurea
Tripsacum dactyloides
Vulpia octoflora
Zizania aquatica / Phylomatic / NA
Verbascum blattaria / Harmon-Threatt et al. 2009 / Tyson Research Center, St. Louis Co., Missouri, USA / Tyson Research Center Flora / Tyson Flora 2008 / 20.3 / Tyson Florab / Phylomatic / NA
Vicia villosa / Harmon-Threatt et al. 2009 / Tyson Research Center, St. Louis Co., Missouri, USA / Tyson Research Center Flora / Tyson Flora 2008 / 10.0 / Tyson Florab / Phylomatic / NA

aSubmissions to TreeBASE are only accepted when a corresponding data matrix is available. For phylomatic phylogenies, see the angiosperm phylogeny website (Stevens 2009).

bTyson Flora:/Abutilon theophrasti /Achillea millefolium /Achillea millefolium/Actaea pachypoda /Agalinis gattingeri /Agalinis tenuifolia/Agalinis viridis/Agastache nepetoides /Agrimonia pubescens/Agrimonia rostellata /Agrostis hyemalis/Agrostis perennans /Ailanthus altissima/Alisma triviale/Alliaria petiolata /Allium canadense /Allium stellatum/Allium vineale/Ambrosia artemisiifolia /Ambrosia trifida /Amelanchier arborea /Amorpha canescens/Ampelopsis cordata /Amphicarpaea bracteata/Amsonia ciliata /Andropogon gerardii /Andropogon virginicus /Androsace occidentalis/Anemone canadensis/Anemone virginiana/Anemonella thalictroides /Antennaria plantaginifolia /Aplectrum hyemale/Apocynum cannabinum /Aquilegia canadensis/Arabidopsis thaliana /Arabis canadensis/Arabis laevigata /Arabis shortii/Arctium minus/Arenaria serpyllifolia/Arisaema dracontium /Arisaema triphyllum /Aristolochia tomentosa /Artemisia dracunculus/Aruncus dioicus/Asarum canadense/Asclepias incarnata /Asclepias purpurascens /Asclepias quadrifolia /Asclepias syriaca /Asclepias tuberosa/Asclepias verticillata /Asclepias viridiflora /Asclepias viridis /Asimina triloba/Aster anomalus /Aster brachyactis /Aster cordifolius /Aster drummondii/Aster ericoides/Aster fragilis/Aster lanceolatus/Aster lanceolatus/Aster lateriflorus /Aster linariifolius /Aster novaeangliae /Aster oblongifolius /Aster ontarionis /Aster parviceps /Aster patens /Aster pilosus /Aster turbinellus/Aster urophyllus/Astragalus crassicarpus /Aureolaria grandiflora/Aureolaria pectinata /Bacopa rotundifolia /Baptisia australis/Baptisia bracteata/Barbarea vulgaris/Berberis thunbergii/Bidens aristosa /Bidens frondosa/Blephilia ciliata/Blephilia hirsuta/Boehmeria cylindrica /Bouteloua curtipendula /Brickellia eupatorioides /Bromus japonicus /Bromus pubescens /Bromus tectorum/Buglossoides arvense /Bumelia lanuginosa /Cacalia atriplicifolia /Cacalia muhlenbergii/Calylophus serrulatus /Calystegia sepium /Camassia scilloides/Campanula americana/Campsis radicans/Capsella bursapastoris /Cardamine concatenata /Cardamine parviflora/Carduus nutans/Carex albicans /Carex complanata /Carex flaccosperma /Carex frankii/Carex lurida/Carex muhlenbergii/Carex shortiana/Carex umbellata/Carya cordiformis /Carya glabra/Carya ovata /Carya texana /Carya tomentosa/Ceanothus americanus /Celastrus scandens /Celtis occidentalis/Celtis tenuifolia/Centaurea cyanus/Cerastium fontanum /Cerastium pumilum /Ceratophyllum demersum /Cercis canadensis/Chamaecrista fasciculata /Chamaecrista nictitans /Chamaesyce maculata /Chamaesyce nutans/Chasmanthium latifolium /Cichorium intybus /Circaea lutetiana/Cirsium altissimum /Cirsium discolor/Cirsium vulgare/Claytonia virginica/Clematis terniflora /Clematis versicolor /Clematis virginiana/Collinsia verna/Comandra