Electronic Supplementary Material (ESM)

Figure S1 Maximum Likelihood (ML) Tree of the Pachycephala based on a partitioned analysis of the combined dataset (GAPDH, ODC, ND2 and ND3) in GARLI 2.0. Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap value from the analysis of the combined dataset followed by the bootstrap value from the analysis of the mitochondrial data (ND2 and ND3).

Figure S2 Bayesian 50% majority rule tree of the Pachycephala based on a partitioned analysis of the combined dataset (GAPDH, ODC, ND2 and ND3) in MrBayes. Numbers at nodes indicate posterior probabilities from the analysis of the combined dataset followed by the posterior probabilities from the analysis of the mitochondrial data (ND2 and ND3).

Figure S3 Results from the principal component analysis (PCA) of morphological data from sympatric island taxa in Wallacea (n=135) and the Pacific (n=128). PC axes 1 and 2 based on the co-variance matrix of the log-transformed morphological variables explain 85% of the variation in Wallacea and 81% of the variation in the Pacific. Identical colours indicate that taxa occur sympatrically. Large-sized symbols indicate that the sequence of colonisation is known in which case the first colonizer is indicated by a filled symbol and the last colonizer is indicated by an open symbol. Widespread taxa within an archipelago are indicated with small symbols in the same colour. For example in the Moluccas six taxa in yellow occur on six different islands that are also all inhabited by P. griseonota (filled yellow diamond). P. phaionota (red square) is a Moluccan small island specialist that occurs sympatrically with P. m. tidorensis and P. griseonota on Ternate and with P. m. macrorhynca and P. griseonota in coastal habitat on Seram.

1

Table S1 Taxonomic sampling of the Pachycephala. AM, Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia; AMNH, American Museum of Natural History, USA; ANWC, Australian National Wildlife Collection, Canberra, Australia; BMNH, British Museum of Natural History, Tring, UK; DZUG, Department of Zoology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; FMNH, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA; ICL, Imperial College, London; MV, Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Australia; NRM, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden; UWBM, University of Washington, Burke Museum, Seattle, Washington, USA; ZMB, Zoological Museum, Berlin Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany; ZMUC, Zoological Museum, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark. WAM, Western Australian Museum, Perth, Australia; All samples are vouchered except 17 individuals indicated with an asterisk(*). Samples based on museum material are indicated with TP (toepad) after the voucher number.

Taxon / Region / Locality / Voucher numbers / ND2 / ND3 / G3P / ODC
Pachycephala pectoralis (sensu lato)
Pachycephala fulvotincta javana / Sunda Shelf / Bali / ZMB 31.2741, TP / KF916096 / KF916279
Java / AMNH 657364, TP / KF916097 / KF916280
Java / AMNH 657365, TP / KF916098 / KF916281
Java / AMNH 657366, TP / KF916099 / KF916282
Pachycephala fulvotincta fulvotincta / Wallacea / Flores / ZMB 30.3385, TP / KF916100 / KF916283
Flores / ZMB 30.906, TP / KF916101 / KF916284
Sumbawa / ZMB 30.908, TP / KF916102
Sumbawa / ZMB 30.910, TP / KF916103 / KF916285
Alor / ZMB 30.122, TP / KF916104 / KF916286
Alor / ZMB 30.123, TP / KF916105 / KF916287
Pachycephala fulvotincta fulviventris / Wallacea / Sumba / ZMB 56.402, TP / KF916106 / KF916288
Sumba / ZMB 30.1643, TP / KF916107 / KF916289
Sumba / ZMB 30.1638, TP / KF916108 / KF916290
Pachycephala fulvotincta teysmanni / Wallacea / Salayer / AMNH 658650, TP / KF916109 / KF916291
Salayer / AMNH 658651, TP / KF916110 / KF916292
Salayer / AMNH 658653, TP / KF916111 / KF916293
Pachycephala fulvotincta everetti / Wallacea / Tanahjampea / ZMB 28.645, TP / KF916112 / KF916294
Kalao / ZMB 28.644, TP / KF916113
Kalao / ZMB 28.660, TP / KF916114 / KF916295
Madu / ZMB 28.649, TP / KF916115
Kalao / ZMB 28.650, TP / KF916116 / KF916296
Kalao / ZMB 28.651 , TP / KF916117 / KF916297
Pachycephala macrorhynca pelengensis / Wallacea / Benggai / ZMB 32070, TP / KF916118 / KF916298
Peleng / AMNH 657462, TP / KF916119 / KF916299
Peleng / AMNH 657463, TP / KF916120 / KF916300
Peleng / AMNH 657466, TP / KF916121 / KF916301
Pachycephala macrorhynca clio / Wallacea / Sanana / ZMB 2000.21756, TP / KF916122 / KF916302
Sanana / ZMB 2000.21757, TP / KF916123 / KF916303
Sanana / AMNH 657452, TP / KF916124 / KF916304
Sula islands / AMNH 657453, TP / KF916125 / KF916305
Sula islands / AMNH 657455, TP / KF916126 / KF916306
Pachycephala macrorhynca macrorhynca / Wallacea / Ambon / ZMB 33.861, TP / KF916127 / KF916307
Seram / ZMUC 148305 / KF916128 / KF916308 / KF916052 / KF916445
Seram / ZMUC 148313 / KF916129 / KF916309 / KF916053 / KF916446
Seram / ZMUC 148322 / KF916130 / KF916310 / KF916054 / KF916447
Pachycephala macrorhynca buruensis / Wallacea / Buru / ZMUC 136196 / KF916131 / KF916311 / KF916055 / KF916448
Buru / ZMUC 136195 / KF916132 / KF916312 / KF916056 / KF916449
Buru / ZMUC 136199 / KF916133 / KF916313 / KF916057 / KF916450
Buru / ZMUC 136198 / KF916134 / KF916314 / KF916058
Buru / ZMUC 136200 / KF916135 / KF916315 / KF916059 / KF916451
Pachycephala macrorhynca calliope / Wallacea / Timor / ZMB 56.172, TP / KF916136 / KF916316
Timor / ZMB 56.169, TP / KF916137 / KF916317
Timor / ZMB 56.171, TP / KF916138 / KF916318
Pachycephala macrorhynca arthuri / Wallacea / Wetar / ZMB 29.966, TP / KF916139 / KF916319
Wetar / FMNH 99048, TP / KF916140 / KF916320
Wetar / AMNH 657409, TP / KF916141 / KF916321
Wetar / AMNH 657412, TP / KF916142 / KF916322
Wetar / AMNH 657413, TP / KF916143 / KF916323
Pachycephala macrorhynca par / Wallacea / Romang / AMNH 658656, TP / KF916144 / KF916324
Romang / AMNH 658658, TP / KF916145 / KF916325
Romang / AMNH 658661, TP / KF916146 / KF916326
Pachycephala macrorhynca dammeriana / Wallacea / Damar / AMNH 657416, TP / KF916147 / KF916327
Damar / AMNH 657417, TP / KF916148 / KF916328
Damar / AMNH 657419, TP / KF916149 / KF916329
Pachycephala macrorhynca compar / Wallacea / Leti / AMNH 658667, TP / KF916150
Moa / AMNH 658669, TP / KF916151
Moa / AMNH 658670, TP / KF916152 / KF916330
Pachycephala macrorhynca sharpei / Wallacea / Babar / FMNH 990449, TP / KF916153
Babar / AMNH 657422, TP / KF916154 / KF916331
Babar / AMNH 657425, TP / KF916155 / KF916332
Babar / AMNH 657426, TP / KF916156 / KF916333
Pachycephala macrorhynca fuscoflava / Wallacea / Tanimbar / WAM 25185 / EU600828 / EU600810 / EU599257 / EU599272
Tanimbar / AMNH 657433, TP / KF916157 / KF916334
Tanimbar / AMNH 657434, TP / KF916158 / KF916335
Tanimbar / AMNH 657435, TP / KF916159 / KF916336
Pachycephala mentalis mentalis / Wallacea / Halmahera / ZMB 55.225, TP / KF916160 / KF916337
Halmahera / ZMB 55.219, TP / KF916161 / KF916338
Halmahera / ZMB 55.228, TP / KF916162 / KF916339
Batjan / ZMB 55.223, TP / KF916163 / KF916340
Batjan / ZMB 2000. 21755, TP / KF916164 / KF916341
Pachycephala mentalis tidorensis / Wallacea / Ternate / ZMUC 26.800, TP / KF916165 / KF916342
Ternate / AMNH 111093, TP / KF916166 / KF916343
Ternate / AMNH 111094, TP / KF916167 / KF916344
Ternate / AMNH 657549, TP / KF916168 / KF916345
Pachycephala mentalis obiensis / Wallacea / Obi / ZMB 2000.21752 , TP / KF916169 / KF916346
Obi / AMNH 295109, TP / KF916170 / KF916347
Obi / AMNH 657514, TP / KF916171 / KF916348
Obi / AMNH 657515, TP / KF916172 / KF916349
Pachycephala pectoralis youngi / Australia / Victoria / MV3477 / EU600813 / EU600796 / EU273385 / EU273366
New South Wales / UWBM57458 / DQ469076
Victoria / MV 2113 / KF916173
Victoria / MV 0105 / KF916174 / KF916060 / KF916452
Victoria / MV 0067 / KF916175 / KF916350 / KF916061 / KF916453
South Australia / MV 1039 / KF916176 / KF916062
South Australia / MV 0372 / KF916177 / KF916351 / KF916063 / KF916454
Kangaroo is / MV 3637 / KF916178 / KF916352 / KF916064 / KF916455
Pachycephala pectoralis fuliginosa / Australia / Western Australia / MV 2658 / EU600812 / EU600795 / EU599244 / EU599258
Western Australia / UWBM 60858 / DQ469074
Western Australia / MV 0296 / KF916179 / KF916353 / KF916065 / KF916456
Western Australia / MV 0288 / KF916180 / KF916354 / KF916066 / KF916457
Western Australia / MV 0219 / KF916181 / KF916355 / KF916067 / KF916458
Western Australia / MV 0217 / KF916182 / KF916356 / KF916068 / KF916459
Pachycephala pectoralis pectoralis / Australia / Queensland / MV C314 / KF916183 / KF916357 / KF916069 / KF916460
Queensland / MV C322 / KF916184 / KF916358 / KF916070 / KF916461
Queensland / MV C338 / KF916185 / KF916359 / KF916071 / KF916462
Queensland / MV C385 / KF916186 / KF916360 / KF916072
Queensland / MV C424 / KF916187 / KF916361 / KF916073 / KF916463
New south Wales / MV B835 / KF916188 / KF916362 / KF916074 / KF916464
Pachycephala pectoralis glaucura / Australia / Tasmania / MV B762 / KF916189 / KF916363 / KF916075 / KF916465
Tasmania / MV B781 / KF916190 / KF916364 / KF916076 / KF916466
Tasmania / MV B782 / KF916191 / KF916365 / KF916077 / KF916467
Tasmania / MV B798 / KF916192 / KF916366 / KF916078
Pachycephala pectoralis contempta / Australia / Lord Howe / AM 0.26437, TP / KF916193 / KF916367
Lord Howe / AM 0.43487, TP / KF916194 / KF916368
Lord Howe / AM 0.43488, TP / KF916195 / KF916369
Lord Howe / AM 0.43490, TP / KF916196 / KF916370
Pachycephala pectoralis xanthoprocta / Australia / Norfolk / AMNH 212806, TP / KF916197 / KF916371
Pachycephala pectoralis balim / New Guinea / New Guinea / FMNH 280592, TP / KF916198
New Guinea / FMNH 280593, TP / KF916199 / KF916372
New Guinea / AMNH 341489, TP / KF916200 / KF916373
New Guinea / AMNH 341491, TP / KF916201 / KF916374
New Guinea / AMNH 341493, TP / KF916202 / KF916375
Pachycephala citreogaster citreogaster / Bismarcks / Feni / ZMUC 95288, TP / EU600817 / EU600800 / EU599248 / EU599262
New Britain / ZMUC 95290, TP / EU600818 / EU600801 / EU599249 / EU599263
New Ireland / ZMUC 95289, TP / EU600819 / EU600802 / EU599250 / EU599264
New Hanover / ZMUC 95291, TP / EU600820 / EU600803 / EU599251 / EU599265
Dyaul / ZMUC 95287, TP / EU600823 / EU600806 / EU599253 / EU599268
Pachycephala citreogaster sexuvaria / Bismarcks / Mussau / ZMUC 95286, TP / EU600825 / EU600808 / EU599255 / EU599270
Mussau / ZMB 2000.21753, TP / KF916203 / KF916376
Mussau / ZMB 25.1813, TP / KF916204 / KF916377
Pachycephala citreogaster goodsoni / Bismarcks / Manus / AMNH 657975, TP / KF916205 / KF916378
Manus / AMNH 657976, TP / KF916206 / KF916379
Manus / AMNH 657977, TP / KF916207 / KF916380
Pachycephala citreogaster tabarensis / Bismarcks / Tabar / AMNH 335552, TP / KF916208 / KF916381
Tabar / AMNH 335553, TP / KF916209 / KF916382
Tabar / AMNH 335554, TP / KF916210 / KF916383
Pachycephala citreogaster ottomeyeri / Bismarcks / Lihir / ZMB 33-89, TP / KF916211 / KF916384
Lihir / ZMB 33-98, TP / KF916212 / KF916385
Pachycephala citreogaster collaris / Louisiades / Bonvouloir / FMNH 280595, TP / KF916213 / KF916386
Bonvouloir / FMNH 280596, TP / KF916214 / KF916387
Pachycephala citreogaster rosseliana / Louisiades / Rossel / ZMB 2000.21754, TP / KF916215 / KF916388
Rossel / FMNH 280599, TP / KF916216
Rossel / FMNH 280600, TP / KF916217 / KF916389
Pachycephala orioloides bougainvillei / Solomons / Bougainville / ZMUC 26.830, TP / KF916218 / KF916390
Bougainville / ZMUC 26.831, TP / KF916219 / KF916391
Pachycephala orioloides pavuvu / Solomons / Russell / FMNH 153538, TP / KF916220 / KF916392
Pachycephala orioloides feminina / Solomons / Rennell / ZMUC 95292, TP / EU600826 / EU599256 / EU599271
Rennell / ZMB 36.416, TP / KF916221 / KF916393
Rennell / ZMUC 29.818, TP / KF916222 / KF916394
Rennell / ZMUC 29.819, TP / KF916223 / KF916395
Pachycephala orioloides christophori / Solomons / Makira / ZMUC 139460 / EU600816 / EU600799 / EU599247 / EU599261
Makira / ZMUC 139478 / EU600815 / EU600798 / EU599246 / EU599260
Makira / ZMUC 102554 / KF916224 / KF916396 / KF916079 / KF916442
Makira / ZMUC 102555 / KF916225 / KF916397 / KF916080 / KF916444
Makira / ZMUC 102551 / KF916226
Makira / ZMUC 102552 / KF916227 / KF916398 / KF916081 / KF916443
Makira / ZMUC 102553 / KF916228
Pachycephala orioloides centralis / Solomons / New Georgia islands / UWBM 63131 / DQ469085
New Georgia islands / UWBM 66075 / DQ469084
New Georgia islands / UWBM 66074 / DQ469082
New Georgia islands / UWBM 63037 / DQ469073
Pachycephala orioloides orioloides / Solomons / Isabel / UWBM 60214 / DQ469083
Isabel / UWBM 60289 / DQ469078
Choiseul / UWBM 63262 / DQ469081
Choiseul / UWBM 63227 / DQ469079
Pachycephala orioloides cinnamomea / Solomons / Guadalcanal / UWBM 60244 / DQ469080
Guadalcanal / UWBM 60347 / DQ469077
Pachycephala caledonica caledonica / New Caledonia / New Caledonia / FMNH 268487, TP / GQ494095 / GQ494129 / GQ494040 / GQ494052
New Caledonia / ZMUC 137328* / KF916229 / KF916399
New Caledonia / ZMUC 147995* / KF916230 / KF916082 / KF916468
New Caledonia / ZMUC 147998* / KF916231 / KF916083 / KF916469
New Caledonia / ZMUC 148009* / KF916232 / KF916084 / KF916470