Ekonomija, II Godina

Ekonomija, II godina

Saradnik: Milica Vukovic

10 Unit - Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Simple / Present Perfect Continuous
For an action which has just finished.
They have just made a cake.
Someone has eaten my sandwich. (There is nothing left, someone ate the whole sandwich.) / For an action which started in the past and continues up to the present.
She has been teaching for six years. (She began working as a teacher six years ago and she still teaches.)
Someone has been eating my sandwich. (There is something left, maybe a half of it).
To put an emphasis (za naglašavanje) on number, amount, times...
He has paintedsix pictures.
He has made some coffee.
How much coffee have you made? / To put an emphasis on duration (trajanje).
He has been making coffee all morning.
She has been paintingfor 10 years.
How longhave you been painting?
Usually with these time expressions: 'ever', 'never', 'already', 'just', ''still', 'yet':
I’vealreadydone it.
I’ve justfed the baby. / Usually with these time expressions: ‘all’, ‘all of’.
I’ve been writing all morning.
I’ve been going to the beach all my life.
Note: Both PPS and PPC can be used with ‘for’ and ‘since’.
With non-continuous verbs:
1. Verbs of senses: sea, hear, feel, taste, smell
2. Verbs of perception: know, remember, forget, understand, notice, realise, seem, sound, think
3. Verbs which express like/dislike: love, like, hate, dislike, enjoy
4. Other verbs such as: include, matter, need, belong, cost, prefer, mean, own, appear, believe, want, have…
Note: Some of these may have a continuous form, but then they usually have a different, or slightly different meaning (drugačije, ili za nijansu drugačije značenje):
She has been thinking about selling her house. (Razmišljala je o tome…) / For an action that frequently repeated:
Jim has been phoning Jill every night for the past week.
For an action whose results are visible (vidljivi) in the present.
Your hands are dirty. Have you been working in the garden.
The streets are wet. Has it been raining?
Why are you so red? I have been sunbathing.
We can often use both the simple and the continuous form interchangeably (i jedan i drugi oblik), the difference is subtle (što znači: obratite pažnju na kontekst!):
I’ve waited for him for three hours.
Means: I started waiting for him three hours ago and I may continue to wait for him. / I’ve been waiting for him for three hours.
Means: the same as Present Perfect, but also suggests that three hours is a long time to wait!
They’ve got engaged. They haven’t dated very long.
Means: they stopped dating (and got engaged) in the recent past. / They’ve got engaged?! They haven’t been dating very long!
Means: the same as simple, but also suggests that they didn’t date long enough before they got engaged!
I have gone to church.
Means: I’ve gone to church recently. / I have been going to church.
Means: In the past, I didn’t usually go to church, but now I go there routinely.
I haven’t played tennis.
Means: I’ve never played tennis in my life — not even one time! You can add ‘ever’. / I haven’t been playing tennis.
Means: I usually play tennis, but recently it hasn’t been possible for me to do it.

Prepositions of time

Preposition / Use / Examples
in / in months / in July; in September
year / in 1985; in 1999
seasons / in summer; in the summer of 69
part of the day / in the morning; in the afternoon; in the evening
duration / in a minute; in two weeks (I’ll be ready in a minute – za minut, It will be ready in a week's time – za nedelju dana, počev od sada)
at / part of the day / at night
time of day / at 6 o'clock; at midnight
celebrations / at Christmas; at Easter
fixed phrases / at the same time
on / days of the week / on Sunday; on Friday
Date / on the 25th of December*
special holidays / on Good Friday; on Easter Sunday; on my birthday
a special part of a day / on the morning of September the 11th*
after / later than sth. / after school
ago / how far sth. happened (in the past) / 6 years ago
before / earlier than sth. / before Christmas
between / time that separates two points / between Monday and Friday
by / not later than a special time / by Thursday (do četvrtka)
during / through the whole of a period of time / during the holidays
for / period of time / for three weeks
from ... to
from...till/until / two points form a period / from Monday to Wednesday
from Monday till Wednesday
from Monday until Wednesday
past / time of the day / 23 minutes past 6 (6:23)
since / point of time / since Monday
Till/until / no later than a special time / till tomorrow
until tomorrow
To / time of the day / 23 minutes to 6 (5:37)
Up to / not more than a special time / up to 6 hours a day (She works up to 6 hours a day – ona radi do šest sati dnevno)
within / during a period of time / within a day

Exercises:

I Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous:

1. You look tired! Yes I ______(work) very hard.

2. Where's the magazine I gave you? What ______(you do) with it?

3. We ______(have) the same car for twelve years.

4. This room was white. Now it is blue. He ______(paint) it.

5. This is the first time I ______(drive) a car. Thanks for lending me your car.

6. Sorry I'm late. ______(you wait) long?

8. Somebody ______(steal) my keys. They are not on the table.

9. Mary is still watching TV. She ______(watch) TV all day.

10. Look! Somebody ______(spill) wine on the floor.

11. I ______(not see) him since Monday.

12. I ______(know) him for a long time.

13. I ______(climb) quite a lot of mountains.

14. How many pages of the homework ______(you do)?

15. He ______(read) 20 pages so far.

16. He ______(drink) too much recently.

17. 'My friend is a teacher.' 'Really? How long ______(she teach)?'

18. ______(you ever work) at home?

19. ______(you ever play) volleyball?

20. ______(he show) you his new watch yet?

21.Are we not there yet? We______(walk) for hours!

22.Martin ______(date) three girls this week.

23.Mr ______(hear) a mouse squeak all night.

24.The toaster is OK again. Dad ______(repair) it.

25.Why are you out of breath? I ______(run).

26.Your coat smells awful! ______(you smoke)?

27.Paul ______(believe) in God since he was a child.

28.Daughter: Mum, Jane ______(phone / just) to ask if I will go to the cinema with her. May I?

Mother: ______(you / do) your homework yet?

Daughter: Well, I ______(do) it for about 2 hours now, but I ______(finish / not) it yet.

Mother: If you ______(complete / not) your homework, you cannot go. Shool comes first. Remember, you ______(promise) me to study harder this year.

Daughter: But mum, I ______(work) really hard this year and I ______(improve / already) in Maths and Chemistry.

Mother: But that's only because I have always pushed you to do something.

Daughter: But I also need a break some time. Look, I ______(be / not) to the cinema for two months. May I go? Just this once.

1. World War I and World War II were _____ the 20th century.

at for in into on

2. We sent a lot of postcards _____ Easter.

at in into on since

3. I woke up _____ the middle of the night.

in of on since to

4. I slept a lot _____ Saturdays.

for in of on to

5. They broadcast _____ Monday evenings.

for in into of on

6. I went swimming _____ the evenings.

since on into in at

7. They both were born _____ 9th May.

onto on into in at

8. I woke up _____ midnight exactly.

at for in on since

9. He was a very popular singer _____ the 1980s.

at for in on to

10. What did you do _____ the weekend?

at in of on to

11. He came _____ quarter to twelve.

on in for during at

12. I felt very tired _____ Christmas day.

at for in into on

13. I broke my leg _____ December.

for in into on since

14. She was born _____ 1968.

at for in on since

15. We always visited our parents _____ Christmas.

at beyond in on to

16. I sang and danced _____ my birthday.

at in into on to

17. It rained a lot _____ the spring.

at in on through to

18. I drove a car _____ the morning.

at in inside on up

19. I got up _____ six o'clock.

at during in on through

20. I saw you _____ Thursday.

over on into in at

III

Ken: Hey, Jerry! When are you going to Europe?
Jerry: I arrive in Munich ____ April 23rd.

Ken: Wow! I'll be in Munich ____ the same day!

Ken: When does your flight arrive?
Jerry: _____ 8:00 in the morning.

Ken: Do you want to meet for lunch?
Jerry: Sure! I'll meet you _____ noon at the Hofbrau Haus.

Ken: How long will you be in Munich?
Jerry: About a week. I'm going to Turkey ____ May. What about you?

Ken: I'm going to Estonia ____ May 6th.

Jerry: When are you returning to the United States?
Ken: I'll be back ___ the fall.

Jerry: Me too! When is your flight?
Ken: It's____ September 28th.

Jerry: Me too! When do you arrive in San Francisco?
Ken: My flight lands ____ 5:00 PM.

Jerry: My flight arrives___ 4:45. I'll meet you in the airport bar. Maybe we can share a taxi.

GRAMMAR (UNIT10) Ekonomija, II godina

Saradnik: Dragana Čarapić

I Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect Simple or the Present Perfect Continuous Tense:

She ______(make) cakes. Her hands are covered with flour.
He ______(study) for six hours. He is really tired.
How long ______she______(know) her best friend?

She ______(know) her best friend since she was five.

He ______(write) since he was twenty.

He ______(write) ten novels so far.

“How long ______you ______(wait) on the bus stop?”

“I ______(wait) for two hours.”

“______you already ______(do) all your exercises?”

“Yes, I ______just______(do) seven of them. I ______(do) the exercises for an hour.

7. “How many books ______you ______(write)?”

“I ______(write) one book so far.”

I ______(write) the latest book for the last eighteen months, and I

______only ______(finish) about six chapters.

I am exhausted! I ______(work) all day, and I ______

(not finish) yet.

She ______(live) in the village for six years. She enjoys climbing the

hills.

10.”______you ______(prepare) your exams?”

“ I ______(prepare) two exams.”

“ I ______(study) all month.”

“______she ever ______(be) in Italy?”

“Yes, she ______(be) there twice.”

“She ______(travel) to different parts of Europe since she was twenty.”

“______you ______(hear) the neighbours who

______(have) a row for hours?”

“Yes, they are still having a row.”

II Make questions asking about the underlined:

She has been living in Paris for three years.

______?

He has been painting the house since yesterday.

______?

Mary has been writing a new book for two years.

______?

Students have been doing a research in history for two months.

______?

Peter has been driving his car since he was 18.

______?

GRAMMAR

Correct one mistake in the following sentences and rewrite them:

I have made cakes. That is why my hands are all covered with flour.

______

Her phone has rung for ten minutes. I wonder why she doesn’t answer it.

______

It has rained for two days now. There’ll be a flood soon.

______

You have be driving all day. Let me drive now.

______

Shakespeare has written a lot of plays.

______

Have you see the moon last night?

______

I have been writing the letter but I can’t find a stamp.

______

We have been missing the bus. Now we’ll have to walk.

______

I’m sorry for keeping you waiting. I have tried to make a telephone call to Rome.

______

She has been stopping to buy a beautiful dress in a nearby boutique.

______

I have tried to open this door for forty-five minutes.

______

He has hoped for a rise in salary for six months but he has not been daring to ask for it yet.

______

I have tried to finish this letter for the last half-hour. I wish you would go away or stop talking.

______

We have walked for ten kilometers.

______

FAMOUS FOR NOT BEING FAMOUS

trendy //adj. – currently fashionable:relating to or exemplifying the latest fashion
a trendy restaurant

modified //adj. – transitive and intransitive verbmake small changes to something:to make a minor change or alteration to something, or change slightly, especially in order to improve

convertible //adj. – car with removable roof:a car with a roof that can be folded back or taken off
a flashy red convertible

fake //adj. – somebody or something not genuine:a person or thing that appears or is presented as being genuine but is not

hand out v. – distribute:to distribute or give something by hand

modest adj. – not large, extreme, or excessive
a modest income

fame n. – the condition of being very well known
the fame that goes with being a recording star
His only claim to fame is being married to a socialite.

influential adj. – able to influence:able to have a powerful effect on people and what they do, or on events

motion picture n. – series of moving pictures:a series of real or fictional events recorded by a camera and projected onto a screen as a sequence of moving pictures, usually with an accompanying soundtrack

invariably //adv. – almost always:always or almost always

hippie n. – unconventional young person of the 1960s:a young person, especially in the 1960s, who rejected accepted social and political values and proclaimed a belief in universal peace and love.Hippies often dressed unconventionally, lived communally, and used psychedelic drugs. ( informal )

ponytail n. – long hair tied back:a hairstyle in which long hair is pulled back and tied behind the head so that it hangs down like a pony's tail

trap v. – place somebody in confining situation:to put somebody in a situation from which it is difficult or impossible to escape
They were trapped inside the burning building.
felt trapped in a dead-end job

act out v. – transitive verbperform something:to perform something or portray it in action

cast v. – select participants for performance:to choose somebody for a particular role in a drama, dance, or other performance, or choose people for all the roles in a production
He was badly cast as Othello.

shout v. – say something loudly:to say or utter something very loudly

audition v. – give audition:to do an audition, or give somebody an audition for a role

part n. – actor's role:a role in a dramatic performance
played the part of Hamlet in the school play

rugged //adj. – with irregular surface:with a sharply rising and falling, rough, or jagged surface
over rugged terrain

miserable //adj. – very unpleasant:causing or accompanied by discomfort, unpleasantness, or unhappiness
a miserable weekend

tale n. – a narrative or account of events

promote v. – advertise something:to publicize a product so that people will buy or rent

casting director –somebody casting acting parts:somebody whose job is to cast parts in a movie or play

turn down v. – reject something:to reject or refuse something such as an offer or application

notice v. – observe something:to see or catch sight of somebody or something and register the fact in the mind
Did you notice what he had in his hand?

credit n. – payment recorded:a payment recorded against an amount owed

set up v. – establish something:to establish something, or bring something into being
The charity set up a fund for the refugees.