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Physical Science EQT Study Guide 2nd/4th Quarter 2010-2011

This is not the test. It is a guide.

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6.0 / What does the size of the gravitational force between two objects depend upon? / the mass of the objects and the distance between the objects
6.0 / What happens to your weight as you get farther from the center of Earth? / it decreases
6.0 / What happens to the gravitational force between two objects if the mass of one of the objects is increased? / it increases
6.0 / What happens to the gravitational force between two objects if the distance between them is decreased? / it increases
6.0 / What happens to the gravitational force between two objects if the distance between them is increased? / it decreases
6.0 / What types of objects experience gravitational forces? / all objects
6.0 / Given two planets 5 inches, 5 yards, 5 feet, and 5 miles apart, which would experience the greatest gravitational force? / two planets 5 inches apart
6.0 / Given two planets 5 inches, 5 yards, 5 feet, and 5 miles apart, which would experience the least gravitational force? / two plants 5 miles apart
6.0 / Protons are positively charged. Like charges repel one another. What force prevents the protons in the nucleus of an atom from scattering? / strong nuclear force
6.0 / Which charged particles would repel one another? / proton and proton
6.0 / Which charged particles would attract one another? / proton and electron
6.0 / What type of force is involved in nuclear decay? / weak force
7.0 / If the distance an object has traveled in a certain amount of time is known. What can be calculated? / the speed of the object
7.0 / A car travels 300 kilometers in 3 hours. What can be determined? / its average speed
7.0 / A ball rolls across a floor. The ball accelerates. What happened to the ball? / a force was applied
7.0 / Identical forces are applied to two balls. One accelerates more than the other. What do we know about the balls? / they have different masses
7.0 / Two vehicles, at the same velocity, have different kinetic energies. What do we know about the vehicles? / they have different masses
7.0 / Two vehicles, of the same mass, have different kinetic energies. What do we know about the vehicles? / they have different velocities
7.0 / Two motorcycles start at the same location. They travel at the same speed for two hours but end up in different places. What was the difference in their motion? / they have different velocities
7.0 / A red vehicle goes from 0 m/s to 20 m/s in 5s. A blue vehicle goes from 0 m/s to 20 m/s in 4s. Which has the greater acceleration? / the blue vehicle
7.0 / At the end of a game a basketball player on the winning team throws the basketball straight up as high as he can throw it. At the top of its path, the basketball’s velocity is what? / 0 m/s
7.0 / If an object is moving with constant velocity, what do you know about its acceleration? / no acceleration
7.2 / A train travels 100 kilometers in 4 hours. Calculate its average speed. / 25 km/h
7.2 / A 300-N force acts on a 25-kg object. Calculate the acceleration of the object. / 12 m/s2
7.2 / A 3,000-N force acts on a 200-kg object. Calculate the acceleration of the object. / 15 m/s2
7.2 / A bird flies 150 m for 10 s, then 200 m for 10 s, and then 100 m for 5 s. What is the bird's average speed? / 18 m/s
7.2 / John is in Chicago, IL. He decides to head south to Austin, TX. In one hour, he travels 80 km. What is his average velocity? / 80 km/h south
7.2 / A man applies a force of 500 N to push a truck 10 m down the street. How much work has been done? / 5,000 J
7.2 / Carl rides his bike north for 100 m at a constant speed of 5 m/s. What is his acceleration? / There is no acceleration
7.2 / In the diagram below, a 20.0 newton force is used to push a cart a distance of 5.00 meters. How much work is done on the cart? / 100 J
7.2 / How much power does a person weighing 500 N need to climb a 3-m ladder in 5 s? / 300 W
7.2 / How much force is needed to push a 10 kg box 5 meters? / 50 newtons
7.3 / Two children with the same mass face one another while standing on their skateboards. If they place their hands palm to palm and skateboarder #1 pushes as hard as he can, what will be the result? / Both Skateboarders will roll backwards
7.3 / What object would have more inertia than a 5 kg object? / 6 kg
7.3 / According to Newton’s First Law, any change in the object’s velocity is caused by what? / an unbalanced force
7.3 / Whenever an object is standing still, the value(s) that is/are always zero is/are? / Momentum, velocity and speed.
7.3 / What law states that every object maintains constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced force? / Newton’s first law of motion.
7.3 / What law states that for every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction force? / Newton’s third law of motion.
7.3 / What law states that the unbalanced force acting on an object equals the object’s mass times its acceleration? / Newton’s second law of motion.
7.3 / When two balls collide, the momentum of the balls after the collision is explained bywhich law? / the law of conservation of momentum
7.3 / Why does a rolling ball eventually stop even if doesn’t hit anything? / friction
7.3 / A car hits a tree. Why does an unbelted passenger continue to move forward after the car has stopped? / inertia
8.0 / Consider a stretched rubber band. What energy source most closely relates to the stretched rubber band? / potential energy
8.0 / Describe the energy of the pendulum as it swings in a downward direction. / Potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.
8.0 / A cart is traveling on a roller coaster. When does the cart have the greatest potential energy? / at the top of the tallest hill
8.0 / A cart is traveling on a roller coaster. When does the cart have the greatest kinetic energy? / at the bottom of the tallest hill
8.0 / Consider a man winding his pocket watch. What type of energy is being stored in the watch spring? / elastic potential energy
8.0 / How does kinetic energy and potential energy differ? / Kinetic energy involves motion and potential energy involves position.
8.0 / Why does sandpaper get hot when it is rubbed against rusty metal? / Friction converts kinetic energy into heat.
8.0 / How does the potential energy of a ball change as it drops to the ground? / potential energy decreases
8.0 / As the kinetic energy of the molecules in a glass of water increase, what also increases? / temperature
8.0 / What would cause an objects thermal energy to increase? / increase temperature
8.1 / A sample of water is at 1˚C. Energy is removed from the sample. Describe what will happen. / It will cool down.
8.1 / High temperatures most closely relate to what type of kinetic energy? / high kinetic energy
8.1 / A substance’s temperature increases. Describe what is most likely to have caused the increase. / Kinetic energy was added to the particles of the substance.
8.1 / Low temperatures most closely relate to what type of kinetic energy? / low kinetic energy
8.1 / A sample of water is at 1˚C. Energy is added to the sample. Describe what will happen. / It will warm up.
8.1 / A substance’s temperature decreases. Describe what is most likely to have caused the decrease. / Energy was removed from the particles of the substance.
8.1 / Ice cubes are left in the sun and melt. How has their thermal energy changed? / thermal energy increases
8.1 / Water is placed in the freezer and eventually freezes. How has its thermal energy changed? / thermal energy decreases
8.1 / A crayon is left in the car window and melts. How has the thermal energy of the crayon changed? / thermal energy increases
8.1 / A glass contains equal amounts of ice and water at 0oC. How does the thermal energy of the ice and water compare? / the thermal energy of the ice and water are the same
8.2 / A pot of hot soup is placed in the refrigerator. What direction will thermal energy flow? / thermal energy will flow from the pot to the refrigerator
8.2 / A solid at its melting point. The solid absorbs additional energy. Describe what will MOST likely occur. / The additional energy will increase the motion of the particles.
8.2 / Alex wants to change the state of a sample of matter. Describe what should be removed from the matter in order to change its state. / energy
8.2 / A liquid becomes a gas. Explain what molecular changes have occurred. / The particles move apart
8.2 / Ice is placed on the kitchen counter. What direction will thermal energy flow? / thermal energy will flow from the counter to the ice
8.2 / A rib-eye steak is placed in a hot iron skillet. What direction will thermal energy flow? / thermal energy will flow from the skillet to the steak
8.2 / A can of Coke and a can of Sprite are pulled out of the refrigerator and are placed touching on the counter. Both cans of soda were in the refrigerator overnight. What direction will thermal energy flow between the cans? / thermal energy will not flow between the cans
8.2 / A child rolls a snowball and holds it in her hand. Why does the snow ball melt? / thermal energy will flow from her hand to the snowball
8.2 / A person injures their back playing basketball. A heating pad is applied to the injury. What direction will thermal energy flow? / thermal energy will flow from the back to the heating pad
8.2 / A person injures their back playing basketball. An ice pack is applied to the injury. What direction will thermal energy flow? / thermal energy will flow from the back to the ice pack
8.3 / Through which state(s) of matter is convection most likely to occur? / liquids and gases
8.3 / The type of energy transfer that takes place between objects in direct contact is called what? / conduction
8.3 / What type of energy transfer can occur in empty spaces? / radiation
8.3 / What type of energy transfer can occur when particles of a fluid move from one place to another? / convection
8.3 / Which type of energy transfer does not require the presence of matter? / radiation
8.3 / What state of matter conducts energy best? / solid
8.3 / What must happen for conduction to occur? / particles must collide
8.3 / What type of matter usually makes a good conductor? / metal
8.3 / What type of matter usually makes a good insulator? / rubber
8.3 / How does energy from the sun reach the earth? / radiation
8.4 / As the cat falls out of the tree, how does its potential energy change as it approaches the ground? / decreases
8.4 / An object has kinetic energy. What is known about the object? / It is in motion
8.4 / What actions would most likely increase the kinetic energy of an object? / Increase both the mass and the velocity of the object
8.4 / Compare the following moving vehicles: a large truck traveling at 25 m/s, a large truck traveling at 30 m/s, a small car traveling at 25 m/s and a small car traveling at 30 m/s. Choose the vehicle with the MOST kinetic energy. / a large truck traveling 30 m/s
8.4 / Compare the following moving vehicles: a large truck traveling at 50 m/s, a minivan traveling at 45 m/s, a small car traveling at 30 m/s and a bicycle traveling at 10 m/s. Choose the vehicle with the LEAST kinetic energy. / a bicycle traveling 10 m/s
8.4 / What actions would most likely decrease the kinetic energy of an object? / Decrease both the mass and the velocity of the object
8.4 / Johnny pushes on a rock, all day long, but it does not move. How much work did Johnny do? / Johnny did no workC
8.4 / What must force do to an object in order for work to be done? / move the object
8.4 / Billy pushes a 5 Newtonbox 5 meters. Harry pushes the same box 10 meters. Who did more work? / Harry
8.4 / A bowling ball and a marble are sitting on the same shelf. Which has more potential energy? / the bowling ball
9.0 / What is the difference between mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves? / Mechanical waves require a medium in which to travel. Electromagnetic waves do not.
9.0 / Consider how electromagnetic waves travel. Their method of travel in most closely related to what wave type? / transverse waves
9.0 / Two electromagnetic waves have the same amplitude, but one carries more energy than the other. What characteristic of the wave(s) is different? / its frequency
9.0 / What is the relationship between mechanical waves and vibrations? / waves use vibrations of a medium to transfer energy
9.0 / What is the relationship between electromagnetic waves and vibrations? / waves are caused by vibrating charges
9.0 / Four wave types (radio, infrared, gamma, and ultraviolet) of the same amplitude pass through a substance. Which wave type transfers the LEAST energy to the substance? / radio wave
9.0 / Four wave types (radio, infrared, microwave, and ultraviolet) of the same amplitude pass through a substance. Which wave type transfers the MOST energy to the substance? / ultravioletlight wave
9.0 / Of the following electromagnetic waves: radio waves, microwaves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, X rays, and gamma rays, which has the highest frequency? / gamma rays
9.0 / Of the following electromagnetic waves: radio waves, microwaves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, X rays, and gamma rays, which has the longest wavelength? / radio wave
9.0 / Of the following electromagnetic waves: radio waves, microwaves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, X rays, and gamma rays, which carries the greatest amount of energy? / gamma rays
9.1 / What type of wave is created by squeezing together the coils of a spring and then releasing the coils? / compressional wave
9.1 / What type of waveis created in which the particles of the wave’s medium move only in the same direction as the motion of the wave? / compressional wave
9.0 / Wave A and Wave B are both mechanical waves and have the same wavelength. Wave A carries more energy than Wave B. What characteristic of Wave A is MOST likely responsible for its higher energy level? / Its amplitude
9.1 / What type of waveis created in which the particles of the medium move at right angles to the motion of the wave? / transverse
9.0 / Wave A and Wave B are both mechanical waves and have the same wavelength. Wave A carries less energy than Wave B. What characteristic of Wave A is MOST likely responsible for its lower energy level? / Its amplitude
9.1 / The area of a longitudinal wave where the particles are squeezed together is MOST like which part of a transverse wave? / crest
9.1 / A scientist observes a wave that is made up of a series of compressions and rare fractions. What type of wave is he observing? / longitudinal
9.1 / A student observes a wave that is made up of a series of troughs and crests. What type of wave was she observing? / transverse
9.1 / A student observes a scientist measuring a wave’s wavelength from crest to crest. What type of wave was the scientist measuring? / transverse
9.1 / A student observes a scientist measuring a wave’s wavelength from one compression to the next compression. What type of wave was the scientist measuring? / longitudinal
9.1 / A student observes a scientist measuring a wave’s amplitude from the rest position to the crest. What type of wave was the scientist measuring? / transverse
9.1 / A student observes a scientist measuring a wave’s amplitude by the density of the compression. What type of wave was the scientist measuring? / longitudinal
9.2 / Sound waves have the same characteristics as what category of waves. / compressional waves
9.2 / Compare the speed of light to the speed of sound. / the speed of light is faster
9.2 / Susie hears two (2) pitches, one higher than the other. Why is one pitch higher than the other? / the higher pitch has a higher frequency
9.2 / Susie sees two (2) lights of different colors. Why does she see the different colors? / the lights have different frequencies
9.2 / Susie hears a sound in which the loudness has increased. What has changed about the sound wave? / its amplitude increased
9.2 / Why can you not see your reflection in a rock? / the light waves reflect all directions
9.2 / The pitch of an approaching train whistle rises. Which wave behavior explains this? / Doppler effect
9.2 / Why does a radio wave carry less energy than an ultraviolet wave? / the radio wave has a lower frequency
9.2 / Waves change speed and bend when changing mediums. Which wave behavior explains this? / refraction
9.2 / Compare the number of photons produced in a given amount of time for a 100 watt light bulb in comparison to a 60 watt light bulb? / the 100 watt bulb would produce more photons
10.0 / A student observes the behavior of a current-carrying coil of wire wrapped around an iron core. What device is he observing? / It’s an electromagnet.
10.0 / Discuss what occurs when a wire is passed through a magnetic field. / an electric current is produced
10.0 / Compare magnetic poles with electric charges. / opposite poles attract, opposite charges attract
10.0 / Compare a permanent magnet to an electromagnet. / only the permanent magnet is always magnetic
10.0 / When does an electromagnet produce a magnetic field? / when a current is applied to it
10.0 / A student needs to increase the strength of an electromagnet. What must be done? / increase the number of loops in the wire
10.0 / A student needs to decrease the strength of an electromagnet. What must be done? / decrease the number of loops in the wire
10.0 / A nail has become magnetic. What has happened to the nail? / its domains have become aligned
10.0 / Why will a compass needle move when an electric current is run through a nearby wire? / the current produced a magnetic field around the wire
10.0 / What kind of energy transformation occurs when a generator is used? / mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy
10.2 / If a wire is in a magnetic field, will a current be produced in the wire? / if the wire is long
10.2 / How does an object become negatively charged? / it gains electrons
10.2 / When you rub a balloon on your hair, the balloon becomes charged by what process? / friction
10.2 / A negatively charged balloon near a wall will build up charge in the wall by what process? / induction
10.2 / What does the law of electric charges state? / like charges repel and opposite charges attract
10.2 / Why does rubbing a glass rod with silk cloth make it positively charged? / electrons are removed from the rod
10.2 / What occurs in a battery to create an electric current? / chemical reaction
10.2 / How does induction charge a neutral object? / a nearby charged object causes the charges on a neutral object to rearrange
10.2 / What is known about an object that has an electrical charge? / the number of protons does not equal the number of electrons
10.2 / What usually causes static electricity? / friction
10.3 / Classify the following: a complete path through which electric charges can flow. / an electric circuit
10.3 / Classify the following: a material that allows the charges of an electric current to move freely through it. / conductors
10.3 / From a list determine which is an insulator and which is a conductor.
10.3 / Given a 5 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm and a 25 cm diameter wire, which has the LEAST resistance? / a 25 cm diameter wire
10.3 / Given a 5 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm and a 25 cm length of wire, which has the LEAST resistance? / a 5 cm long wire
10.3 / What characteristics would give a copper wire the LOWEST resistance? / a short, thick copper wire
10.3 / Given air, water, glass, and wood, which is a conductor of electricity? / water
10.3 / A flashlight bulb has a potential difference of 4.5 V and a resistance of 8.0 Ω. Calculate the current flowing through the filament. / 0.56 A
10.3 / How much current flows through a 2.0 Ω wire with a voltage of 12.0 V? / 6.0 A
10.3 / How much current flows through a 4.0 Ω wire with a voltage of 12.0 V? / 16 A
10.3 / A light bulb has a resistance of 240 Ω, when operating at 120 V. Calculate the current flowing through the light bulb. / 0.50 A
10.3 / What is the SI unit for resistance? / ohm
10.3 / A bulb has a voltage of 9.0 volts and a current of 0.30 amps passing through it. Use Ohm’s Law to calculate the resistance of the bulb’s filament. / 30 ohms
10.3 / Wire A, a thick wire and Wire B, a thin wire are shown in the diagram above. Which wire has the greatest resistance? / Wire B
10.3 / Resistance causes some of electrical energy in a wire to be converted to what energy form? / thermal energy

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