Depression in Multiple Sclerosis:
A Quantitative Review of the Evidence
E. Jane Dalton and R. Walter Heinrichs
York University
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Supplementary Information File
Table 1: Effect sizes and depression scores for studies comparing MS patients to healthy
participants
Table 2: Effect sizes and depression scores for studies comparing MS and other chronic
disorders
Table 3: Effect sizes and moderator variables for studies comparing MS patients to
healthy participants
Table 4: Effect sizes and moderator variables for studies comparing MS and other
chronic disorders
Primary studies in meta-analytic literature base
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Supplemental Table 1
Effect sizes and depression scores for studies comparing MS patients to healthy participants
______
Study Effect Size (d) Depression MS Patients Healthy Controls
Scale Used
Mean SD n Mean SD n
______
Aikens, Reinecke, Pliskin et al., 1999 .82BDI-219.67.1 1054.54.780
Clark, Fleming, Li et al., 1992 .76BDI-219.05.21435.154.870
DeLuca, Johnson, Beldowicz & Natelson, 1995 1.24BDI-218.77.62122.12.6220
Fassbender, Schmidt, Mobner et al., 1998 1.08HRSD-219.659.23231.801.5217
Huber, Paulsen, Shuttleworth et al., 1987 1.24Zung SDS40.5610.253229.084.3212
Huber, Rammohan, Bornstein & Christy, 1993 .90*BDI-2111.9n/a895.2 n/a 47
Johnson Deluca & Natelson, 1996b 2.50NEO-depression9.81.5207.00.835
Johnson, Lange, Deluca, Korn & Natelson, 19971.25BDI-216.275.24151.21.4915
Johnson, Deluca, Diamond & Natelson, 1998 1.18BDI-216.35.23151.42.2417
Kahl, Kruse, Faller, Weib & Rieckmann, 2002 1.83BDI-2113.65.5164.62.5 10
Krupp, Alvarez, LaRocca & Scheinberg, 1988 1.02CES-D18.212.2327.68.033
Supplemental Table 1… continued
Krupp, Sliwinski, David, Friedberg & Coyle, 1994 .60CES-D10.05.1206.46.620
Litvan, Grafman, Vendrell & Martinez, 1988 .57HRSD5.64.31634.316
Mohr, Goodkin, Likosky et al., 1997 .54**BDI-2110.6n/a1846.8 n/a555
Nyenhuis, Rao, Zajecka et al., 1995 .70BDI-2111.08.8846.05.3101
Rao, Leo, & Aubin-Fauber, 1989 .78Zung SDS39.79.53733.26.026
Sadovnick, Remick, Allen et al., 1996 1.48***SCID76/221 n/a 22120/1207 n/a 1207
Schiffer, Caine, Bamford, & Levy, 1983 .73***SADS11/30 n/a 300/15n/a15
Verdier-Taillefer, Gourlet, Fuhrer et al., 2001 1.06CES-D21.211.169610.57.8342 Wilson, Olson, Gasco & Brumback, 1982 1.15 MMPI-Scale 2 (D) 64.1 12.0 27 52.5 7.2 26
______
* Effect Size derived from t-test
** Effect size derived from ANOVA
***Effect size derived from proportion of sample that had diagnosis of depression according to DSM-III or DSM-IIIR
Supplemental Table 2
Effect sizes and depression scores for studies comparing MS and other chronic disorders
______
Study Effect size d
______
Aikens, Reinecke, Pliskin et al., 1999-.51BDI-219.67.110513.859.65151
DeLuca, Johnson, Beldowicz & Natelson, 1995-.72BDI-218.77.621214.58.026
Devins, Edworthy, Leendert et al., 1993-.18CES-D12.29.249414.139.8387
Fournier, Ridder & Bensing, 2002 .18HADS-D3.73.4983.152.6199
Johnson Deluca & Natelson, 1996a -.93BDI-217.56.622714.37.5548
Johnson Deluca & Natelson, 1996b -.31NEO-Depression9.81.52010.21.135
Johnson, Deluca, Diamond & Natelson, 1998 -1.15BDI-216.35.231514.07.0423
Johnson, Lange, Deluca, Korn & Natelson, 1997 -1.16BDI-216.275.241514.217.4815
Krupp, Sliwinski, David, Friedberg et al., 1994 -1.08CES-D10.05.12017.18.120
MacLeod & Macleod, 1998 -.36BDI-218.286.5725117.8945
Minden, Orav & Reich, 1987 .80BDI-2112.78.4507.86.0679
Pepper, Krupp, Friedberg, Doscher, & Coyle, 1993 .22*MCMI-MD Scale1/42 n/a420/45 n/a45
Supplemental Table 2…continued
Rabins, Brooks, O’Connell et al., 1986 .30GHQ-D subscale.91.487.5.816
Ron & Logsdail, 1989 .82BDI-2110.68.01164.65.148
Shnek, Foley, LaRocca et al., 1997 .23CES-D15.612.88012.811.680
Sullivan, Edgley, Mikail, Dehoux & Fisher, 1992-.56BDI-2113.28.83518.29.035
Surridge, 1969 .33**DSM-III29/108 n/a 1085/39n/a 39
Taillefer, Kirmayer, Robbins & Lasry, 2002-.16SCL-90R-D11.46.84012.56.545
Verdier-Taillefer, Gourlet, Fuhrer et al., 2001 .25CES-D21.211.169618.312.11308
Whitlock & Siskind, 1980 .82***BDI-21n/a n/a 30n/a n/a 30
Wilson, Olson, Gasco & Brumback, 1982 .12 MMPI- Scale 2(D)64.112.02762.71351
* Effect size based on proportion of participants with cut-off on MCMI of over 85
** Effect size based on proportion of participants with past or present DSM-III diagnosis of major depressive disorder
***Effect size based on Mann-Whitney test used by author that indicated MS patients more depressed than medical patients
Supplemental Table 2…continued
Note: RA = rheumatoid arthritis, ESRD = end-stage renal disease, FP = family
practice patients with miscellaneous complaints, hosp = hospitalized medical
patients with mixed diagnoses.
Supplemental Table 3
Effect sizes and moderator variables for studies comparing MS patients to healthy participants
______
Study Effect Size (d) EDDS Mean Age MS Mean Age NC % of females in MS
vs. NC*
______
Aikens, Reinecke, Pliskin et al., 1999 .823.8 (high)42 (old)34 (young)higher
Clark, Fleming, Li et al., 1992 .76n/a36 (young)35 (young)higher
DeLuca, Johnson, Beldowicz & Natelson, 1995 1.241.2 (low)36 (young)37 (young)n/a
Fassbender, Schmidt, Mobner et al., 1998 1.08n/a35 (young)30 (young)higher
Huber, Paulsen, Shuttleworth et al., 1987 1.245.1 (high)40 (old)44 (old)n/a
Huber, Rammohan, Bornstein & Christy, 1993 .903.9 (high)42 (old)41 (old)n/a
Johnson Deluca & Natelson, 1996b 2.501.6 (low)38 (young)35 (young)lower
Johnson, Lange, Deluca, Korn & Natelson, 19971.251.8 (low)38 (young)34 (young)n/a
Johnson, Deluca, Diamond & Natelson, 1998 1.181.8 (low)38 (young)35 (young)lower
Kahl, Kruse, Faller, Weib & Rieckmann, 2002 1.832.5 (low)30 (young)31 (young)lower
Supplemental Table 3…continued
Krupp, Alvarez, LaRocca & Scheinberg, 1988 1.02n/a39 (young)39 (old)higher
Krupp, Sliwinski, David, Friedberg & Coyle, 1994 .602.3 (low)40 (old)46 (old)n/a
Litvan, Grafman, Vendrell & Martinez, 1988 .573.84 (high)36 (young)36 (young)lower
Mohr, Goodkin, Likosky et al., 1997 .54n/a44 (old)48 (old)higher
Nyenhuis, Rao, Zajecka et al., 1995 .704.74 (high)49 (old)49 (old)higher
Rao, Leo, & Aubin-Fauber, 1989 .784.3 (high)44 (old)45 (old)higher
Sadovnick, Remick, Allen et al., 1996 1.48n/an/an/an/a
Schiffer, Caine, Bamford, & Levy, 1983 .73n/a44 (old)42 (old)higher
Verdier-Taillefer, Gourlet, Fuhrer et al., 2001 1.06n/a47 (old)43 (old)higher
Wilson, Olson, Gasco & Brumback, 1982 1.153.5 (high)40 (old)38 (young)lower
______
* Variable coded “higher” when percentage of females in MS group was higher than NC group and “lower” when smaller percentage of females in MS than NC group
Supplemental Table 4
Effect sizes and moderator variables from studies comparing MS and other chronic disorders
______
Study Effect size dEDSSCFSNeurogolical
______
Aikens, Reinecke, Pliskin et al., 1999-.513.8 (high)nono
DeLuca, Johnson, Beldowicz & Natelson, 1995-.721.2 (low)yesno
Devins, Edworthy, Leendert et al., 1993-.185.2 (high)nono
Fournier, Ridder & Bensing, 2002 .18>7.0 (high)nono
Johnson Deluca & Natelson, 1996a -.931.5 (low)yesno
Johnson Deluca & Natelson, 1996b -.311.6 (low)yesno
Johnson, Deluca, Diamond & Natelson, 1998 -1.151.8 (lowyesno
Johnson, Lange, Deluca, Korn & Natelson, 1997 -1.161.8 (low)yesno
Krupp, Sliwinski, David, Friedberg et al., 1994 -1.082.3 (high)yesno
MacLeod & Macleod, 1998 -.36n/anoyes
Minden, Orav & Reich, 1987 .80n/anono
Pepper, Krupp, Friedberg, Doscher, & Coyle, 1993 .22*n/ayesno
Supplemental Table 4…continued
Rabins, Brooks, O’Connell et al., 1986 .30n/anoyes
Ron & Logsdail, 1989 .82n/anoyes
Shnek, Foley, LaRocca et al., 1997 .23n/anoyes
Sullivan, Edgley, Mikail, Dehoux & Fisher, 1992-.56n/anono
Surridge, 1969 .33n/anoyes
Taillefer, Kirmayer, Robbins & Lasry, 2002-.16n/ayesno
Verdier-Taillefer, Gourlet, Fuhrer et al., 2001 .25n/anono
Whitlock & Siskind, 1980 .82n/anoyes
Wilson, Olson, Gasco & Brumback, 1982 .12 3.5 (high)noyes
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Primary Study References
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