Earth Science, 12E (Tarbuck/Lutgens)

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Earth Science, 12e (Tarbuck/Lutgens)

Chapter 1: Introduction to Earth Science

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What are the basic differences between the disciplines of physical and historical geology?

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Physical geology is the study of fossils and sequences of rock strata; historical geology is the study of how rocks and minerals were used in the past.

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Historical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and geologic events, utilizing the geologic time scale as a reference; physical geology includes the study of how rocks form and of how erosion shapes the land surface.

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Physical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and deposition in relation to plate movements in the geologic past; historical geology charts how and where the plates were moving in the past.

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none of the above — physical geology and historical geology are essentially the same

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Answer:

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Diff: 1

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The study of Earth's atmosphere is known as ______.

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astronomy

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oceanography

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meteorology

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cosmology

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Answer:

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A ______is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific observations.

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hypothesis

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generalization

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law

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theory

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Answer:

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Diff: 1

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All of the following are possible steps of scientific investigation except for ______.

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the collection of scientific facts through observation and measurement

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assumption of conclusions without prior experimentation or observation

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the development of one or more working hypotheses or models to explain facts

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development of observations and experiments to test the hypotheses

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Answer:

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The ______explains how our solar system probably formed from a giant cloud of gases and dispersed solid particles.

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protogalactic theory

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nebular hypothesis

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extrastellar solar hypothesis

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planetary compression theory

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Answer:

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The ______refers to the sum total of all life on Earth.

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hydrosphere

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atmosphere

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biosphere

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asthenosphere

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Answer:

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In correct order from the center outward, Earth includes which units?

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core, inner mantle, outer mantle, crust

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inner core, outer core, mantle, crust

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inner core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere

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core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere

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Answer:

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The composition of the core of Earth is thought to be ______.

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basalt

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granite

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peridotite

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solid iron-nickel alloy

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Answer:

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The asthenosphere is actually a part of the ______of the Earth.

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outer core

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crust

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inner core

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mantle

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10)

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The ______is thought to be a liquid, metallic region in the Earth's interior.

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inner core

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lithosphere

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mantle

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outer core

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Answer:

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11)

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The ______is the thinnest layer of the Earth.

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crust

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outer core

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mantle

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inner core

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Answer:

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12)

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The ______forms the relatively cool, brittle plates of plate tectonics.

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asthenosphere

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lithosphere

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astrosphere

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eosphere

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Answer:

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13)

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Which of the following energy sources is thought to drive the lateral motions of Earth's lithospheric plates?

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gravitational attractive forces of the Sun and Moon

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electrical and magnetic fields localized in the inner core

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export of heat from deep in the mantle to the top of the asthenosphere

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swirling movements of the molten iron particles in the outer core

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Answer:

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14)

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Flat, expansive regions on a continent, composed of deformed crystalline rock, are known as ______.

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cratons

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shields

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platforms

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belts

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Answer:

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15)

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Active mountain belts are most likely to be found ______.

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along the margins of continents

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in the interior regions of continents

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scattered throughout continents

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along only the eastern margins of continents

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Answer:

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16)

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The continental shelf is located ______.

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between the continental slope and continental rise

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between the continental rise and the abyssal plains

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seaward of the continental slope

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landward of the continental slope

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Answer:

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17)

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The most prominent feature on the ocean floor are the ______.

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deep-ocean trenches

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oceanic ridges

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seamounts

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lava plateaus

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18)

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A(n) ______system is one in which energy moves freely in and out, but no matter enters or leaves the system.

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closed

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open

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feedback

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equilibrated

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Answer:

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19)

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Mechanisms that enhance or drive change are known as ______.

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negative feedback mechanisms

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positive feedback mechanisms

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closed feedback mechanisms

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open feedback mechanisms

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Answer:

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20)

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What is the source of the energy that powers the Earth system?

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the Sun

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heat from Earth's interior

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both A and B

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none of the above

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Answer:

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Word Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern.

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21)

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A. hypothesisB. theoryC. factD. observation

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Answer:

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22)

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A. hydrosphereB. biosphereC. atmosphereD. solid Earth