Study Guide: Chapter 19 Earth, Moon and Sun
Section 19-1: Earth in Space (pgs. 660-665) Name:
1. The study of the moon, stars and other objects in space is called ______.
2. The ______is the imaginary line that passes through Earth’s center and the North and South poles.
3. ______is the spinning motion of a planet on its axis.
4. ______is the movement of one object around another object.
5. The ______is the path of an object as it revolves around another object in space.
6. Each 24 hour cycle of light and darkness is called a ______.
7. The earth rotates an additional quarter turn throughout the time it makes one complete revolution. Four years X extra ¼ turn = an additional day. In order to “catch up,” we add ______(date) to our calendar and we call it a leap year. If the year is equally divisible by 4, then it’s a leap year! For example, 2008 was the last leap year & 2012 is the next one.
8. Day and night are caused by ______.
9. It is warmer near the equator because the sun’s rays are ______.
10. Earth’s axis is ______, which causes seasons. For example: one hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, the sun’s rays are more direct, resulting in summer.
11-12. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true when the Northern Hemisphere has summer.
a. The Southern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun.
b. The Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun.
c. The Southern Hemisphere is tilted toward the sun.
d. The Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the sun.
13. When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it is ______in the Southern Hemisphere.
14. Each of the two days of the year when the sun is overhead at either 23.5° south or 23.5° north is called a ______.
15. Each of the two days of the year when neither hemisphere is tilted toward or away from the sun is called an ______.
16-27. Complete the table below.
Earth’s Season Approx. Date Length of Day or Night Which Hemisphere
(for example: longer day) is tilted toward sun?
Summer Solstice
Autumnal Equinox
Winter Solstice
Vernal Equinox
Section 19-2: Gravity and Motion (pgs. 666-669)
28. Gravity is the force that ______.
29. Inertia is ______.
30. ______True or False? Forces on Earth are different from those elsewhere in the universe.
31. The law of universal gravitation is ______
32-33. ______and ______are the two forces that determine the strength of the gravitational force between two objects.
Complete the cause and effect table to show the relationship among mass, distance and the force of gravity between two objects.
If the mass_____ / and distance _____ / then the force of gravity between two objects______.increases / stays the same / 34.
35. / stays the same / decreases.
Stays the same / decreases / 36.
stays the same / 37. / decreases
38-39. Isaac Newton concluded that the two factors that COMBINE to keep the planets in orbit are ______and ______.
40-41. Circle the letter of each statement that is true about the moon’s orbit around Earth.
a. Earth’s gravity pulls the moon toward it.
b. The moon keeps moving forward in its revolution because of gravity.
c. The moon would stop moving if Earth’s gravity did not pull on it.
d. Inertia keeps the moon moving ahead.
Section 19-3: Phases, Eclipses and Tides (pgs. 670-677)
42-45. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the motions of the moon.
a. The moon revolves around the Earth once a year.
b. The same side of the moon always faces Earth.
c. The moon rotates slowly on its axis once every 27.3 days.
d. The moon revolves around Earth in an elliptical orbit (or oval-shaped).
e. A “day” and a “year” on the moon are the same length.
46. The different shapes of the moon you see from Earth are called ______.
47. How often does the moon go through a whole set of phases? ______
48. If the moon is lit up on the right side and is shadowed on the left, the moon is ______.
49. If the moon is lit up on the left side and is shadowed on the right, the moon is ______.
Complete the table about phases of the moon. When drawing the picture, only draw the shape you see.
Phase Explain the light and shadow (i.e., right/left side light/dark) Draw picture
New moon 50.
First Quarter 51.
Full moon 52.
Third quarter 53.
54. ______True or False? Half of the moon is almost always in sunlight.______
55. When the moon's shadow hits Earth, or Earth's shadow hits the moon, a(n) ______occurs.
56-57. The two types of eclipses are ______and ______.
58. The darkest part of a shadow is called the ______.
59. What order are the sun, moon and Earth in to form a solar eclipse?______
______
60. The larger part of the shadow, surrounding the umbra is called the ______.
61. What order are the sun, moon and Earth in during a lunar eclipse? ______
______
62. The rise and fall of the level of the ocean are called ______.
63. ______True or False? The sun has no influence on Earth's tides.______
64. A spring tide can occur during which moon phase(s)? ______
65. A neap tide can occur during which moon phase(s)? ______
Section 19-4: Earth’s Moon (pgs. 680-683)
66. The moon is about ______of Earth's diameter, therefore it has less mass and less gravitational pull than the earth.
67-69. Name three surface features found on the moon (know about each).
______
70. Temperatures on the moon vary so much because the moon is lacking a(n) ______.
Section 19-5: Traveling Into Space (pgs. 684-691)
71. For every force or action, there is an equal and opposite force or ______.
72. A ______is any natural or artificial object that revolves around an object in space.
73. The first artificial satellite launched into space was called ______.
74. If a satellite revolves around Earth at the same rate that Earth rotates, it is called ______orbit.