Dr. Leon J Grobler MD FACS

436 MICHAEL LANE

WILLSTON VT 05495

  1. Personal Data

Citizenship: U.S.A.
Marital status:Married

  1. Education

1962High school diploma. Langenhoven High School, Pretoria, Republic of SA (RSA)

1963Military trainingArmy Gymnasium, Pretoria,RSA

1964-70Medical School (MD = MB. ChB ) University of Pretoria, Pretoria, RSA

1971-75 Residency in Orthopaedics, Dept. of Ortho, University of Pretoria , Pretoria, RSA

1976-77 Spine Fellowship / Instructor,

Univ.Toronto , Toronto, Canada

1977 Spine Fellowship / Instructor,Twin

Cities Scoliosis Center, U of Minnesota, USA

1995Passed American Board of Orthopaedic Surgeons examination.

1997Was awarded FACS. Fellow American College of Surgeons

1998 Passed ABIME (American Board of Independent Med. Examiners]

2012 Presently enrolled in ‘ Graduate Certificate in Healthcare Management ‘ at University of Vermont. Completed 1st 3 credits [Policy,Organization & Financing] of a 18-credit 2 yr program [Winter semester]

  1. Academic Appointments

1977 - 1984 Senior Spinal Consultant, U of Pretoria

1985 - 1987 Chief, Spinal Unit

1987 - 1991 Clinical Director/Assist. Prof. in Dept of Orthopaedics, Vermont Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Burlington,Vermont, USA

1991 - 1993 Director/ Associate. Prof . U of Vermont, USA

1993 - 1996 Chief, Adult Spine Service/Assoc. Prof., Bowman Gray School of Medicine, N-Carolina.

1996 - 1999 Professor of Ortopedic Surgery & Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa.

1996-1999 Co-Director, Iowa Spine Research Center.

  1. Private practice experience

1999 - 2006 Adult Spine Surgeon in Private Practice, Phoenix,Arizona

2006 - 2009 Post-surgery2007 - Present Consulting on free-lance basis [ Mostly free-lance case management ]

  1. Certification and Licensure.
  1. January 1976. South African Medical and Dental Council
    July, 1995ABOS
    American College of Surgeons October,1997
    ABIME

April 2006ABOS re certification

  1. Licensure:Arizona # 27697

StateDatePerm/TempNumber

  1. Vermont1987P42-0007682
  2. N Carolina 1993P93-001-36
  3. Iowa1996P31506
  4. Arizona2000P27697Presently valid / active
  1. Professional memberships

Founder Member - South African Spine Society
Simmons Surgical Society
North American Spine Society (NASS)
Scoliosis Research Society
Orthopaedic Research and Education Foundation
Iowa Orthopaedic Society
Midwest Orthopaedic Society
Fellow of the American College of Surgeons
Fellow of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS)

Previous member , Federal Drug Administration(FDA), Orthopedics and

Rehabilitation Advisory Committee

Previous member , ISSLS

Arizona Medical Association
Arizona Orthopaedic Association

  1. Areas of clinical and research interest

Back and Leg pain in the Elderly.

The enigma “ Quality vs. Cost “ in Spinal care.

Aetiology and Treatment of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis in the Elderly

Biocompatible Bone Replacement Procedures in Spine Surgery and new concepts in Spinal Fusion with emphasis on the Aging Spine.

Spondylolysis / Spondylolisthesis in Adult Population

Biomechanical Assessment of Instability/Disc degeneration and Stress loading following Low Back Surgery

Biomechanical and Clinical Assessment of Spinal Implant Systems in the Elderly spine

Clinical Outcome Studies

Critical pathways in Elderly population (“Care Map”).

Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis / Vertebral Compression Fractures

Health care policy: Autumn 2009 : Participated in a course at UVM ,Burlington on ‘ Health care policy’( audit )

  1. Awards & Committees

1970Medical school. Distinction O&G and surgery.
1974Residency general surg. Distinction/Overall Best Candidate.

1975FCS (SA) Final National Examination in Orthopaedics with Distinction & J. M. Edelstein Medal (National Gold Medalist / Overall Best Candidate in SA.)

1976M. Med (Orth),Final University-based Orthopaedic Examination

Cum Laude & G. F. Dommissee Award Overall Best Candidate.]

1992 - 1994
Member, Scientific Advisory Board “Spine Tech Inc.,” Minneapolis, Minnesota

1997Invited Speaker, International Symp. on “Lumbosacral radiculopathy “, Kobe, Japan. May, 1997.

Invited Speaker, International Symposium on Basic and Clinical aspects of the “Natural Course of Lumbar Disc Herniation” , Kobe, Japan. May, 1997.

Invited Speaker, International Symposium on “Lumbar Spinal Stenosis”, Kobe, Japan. May, 1997.

1998
Invited Speaker, “Biomedical and Clinical Aspects of Lumbar Interbody Constructs”. Dublin, Ireland, October 7-9, 1998 British Orthopedic Association Annual Meeting.
Invited Speaker, International Symposium, “Facet-joint morphology in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis decision making.” Copenhagen/Odense, Denmark, June 15, 1998.
Invited Speaker, International Symposium, “Interbody Fusion Cages ; Decision making process.” BOA (British Orthopedic Society ) Meeting. Dublin 1998.

2002
Invited Speaker at National Geriatric Society Meeting in Phoenix. December , 2002.” An Approach to the Problem of Back and leg pain in the Senior Adult.”

2003 – 2005Member, Scientific Advisory Board of “Spineology,” Minneapolis,Minnesota

1998 - 2000Health Information Management Subcommittee, U of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics.

2000 - 2005Member, CME Committee, Sun Health Hospitals.

2000 - 2006Member, Surgical Committee, Sun Health Hospitals.

2005 – 2007Co-editor “ Mature spine.com “ with Danek.

1992 – 1996Member, Committee on Instructional Courses, North American Spine Society.

1996 – 2000Member, NASS Research Committee.

1996 -2000Member, FDA Committee on Spinal Implants.

1993 - 1996‘ Spine ‘ Journal editorial board.
1997 – 2000Member, Iowa Chapter of Arthritis Foundation.
1996 – 2000Member, NASS Research Committee.
1997 – 2000Member, Research Advisory Board , Palmer Chiropractic Center

  1. Bibliography

Chapters in Books:

Surgical Primer : Dommisse GF : Chapters by Grobler LJ: Spinal trauma pp. 70-86 and on Spinal Bracing in Fractures and Deformities: pp. 404-411, 1984

Assessing Spinal Stability or Indications for Spinal Fusion. In: Cotler H, Cotler J, (eds). Spinal Fusion: Sciences and Technique, pg. 61-86, 1990. Frymoyer JW and Grobler LJ

Classification, Non-Operative and Operative Treatment of Spondylolisthesis. In: Grobler LJ and Wiltse LL: In Frymoyer JW, et al (eds.). The Adult Spine, pg. 1655-1704, 1991.1st Edition

Biomechanics of Spinal Implants. In Andersson GBJ, McNeill TW (eds). Spinal Stenosis, Pope, MH and Grobler LJ: pg. 103-128, 1991.

Biomechanics of Lumbar Spinal Surgery. Grobler LJ, et al. Seminars in Spine Surgery, pg. 59-72, 1993.

Back and Leg Pain in the Elderly. Grobler, LJ . Geriatric Clinics of North America. August, 1998.

Applications of the Finite Element Models of the Lumbar Spine to Predict Clinically Relevant Biomechanics of Spine Surgery. Goel VK, Grosland NM, Todd D, Grobler LJ, Pope MH: Chapter in Seminars in Spine Surgery, August 1998.

Publications:

  1. Arteries and Veins of the Lumbar Nerve Roots and Cauda Equina. Grobler LJ and Dommisse GF: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 115:22-29, 1976.
  1. Intervertebral Disc Herniation in the Adolescent, Grobler LJ, Barrington TW and Simmons EH: Spine 4:267-278, 1979.
  1. Spinal Bracing in Scoliosis. Grobler LJ, Dommisse GF and Lieberthal M: CRASA 1:418-424, 1981.
  2. Comparing Anterior Lumbar Interbody Stabilization with Cancellous Metal Molds (CCM) and Cadaveric Bone in the Chagma Baboon (papio ursinus). Grobler LJ, Neale SG, Wilder DG, Pope MH and Waisbrod H: Orthopaedic Transactions, 14(1):15-19, 1990.The Relative Effectiveness of Lumbosacral Corset and Trunk Inclination Audio Feedback on Trunk Flexion. Haig AJ, Grobler LJ, Pope MH, Haugh LD, MacDonald L, Holleran K and Bendix T: European Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 2:29-37, 1991.
  1. The Relationship Between Truck and Tractor Driving and Disorders of the Spine and Supporting Structures. Pope MH, Bonney R, and Grobler LJ Occupational Health and Safety, pg. 36-38, 1991.
  1. L4-5 Isthmic Spondylolisthesis: Biomechanical analysis Comparing Stability in L4-5 and L5-S1 Spondylolisthesic Defects. Grobler LJ, Novotny JE, Wilder DG, Frymoyer JW and Pope MH: Orthop Trans 17(2):281, 1993; 18(1):274, 1993.
  1. Etiology of Spondylolisthesis: Assessment of the Role Played by Lumbar Facet Joint Morphology. Grobler LJ, Robertson PA, Novotny JE and Pope MH Spine 18(1):1-12, 1993.
  1. Prospective Evidence for Change in Paraspinal Muscle Activity after Herniated Nucleus Pulposus. Haig AJ, Weisman G, Haugh L,Pope MH, Grobler LJ: Spine 18(7)926-930, 1993.
  1. Decompression for Degenerative Spondylolisthesis and Spinal Stenosis at L4-5: Grobler LJ, Robertson PA, Novotny JE and Ahern JW: The Effects on Facet Joint Morphology. Spine 18(11)1475-1482, 1993.
  1. Paraspinal Mapping: Quantified Needle Electromyography in Lumbar Radiculopathy. Haig AJ, Tally C and Grobler LJ Nerve and Muscle, 16:477-484, 1993.
  1. Postoperative Spondylolisthesis at L4-5: The Role of Facet Joint Morphology. Robertson PA, Grobler LJ, Novotny JE and Katz JN: Spine 18(11):1483-1490, 1993.
  1. L4-5 Isthmic Spondylolisthesis: A Biomechanical Analysis Comparing Stability in L4-5 and L5-S1 Isthmic Spondylolisthesis. Grobler LJ, Novotny J, Wilder DG, Frymoyer JW, and Pope MH Spine 19(2):222-227, 1994.
  1. Osteophyte Formation in the Vertebral Column: A Review of the Etiologic Factors Nathan M, Pope MH, and Grobler LJ: - Part I. Contemporary Orthopaedics, 29(1):31-37, July, 1994.
  1. Osteophyte Formation in the Vertebral Column: A Review of the Etiologic Factors - Nathan M, Pope MH and Grobler LJ Part II. Contemporary Orthopaedics, 29(2):113-119, August, 1994.
  1. Clinical Correlates of Patient Satisfaction After Laminectomy for Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis. Katz JN, Lipson SJ, Brick GW, Grobler LJ, Weinstein JN, Fossel AH, Lew RA, Liang MH Spine 20(10) 1155-1160, 1995.
  1. Laminectomy Alone or With Non-Instrumented or Instrumented Arthrodesis for Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: Patient Selection and Quality of Life Following Surgery. Katz JN, Lipson SJ, Grobler LJ, Weinstein JN, Lew RA, Brick GW, Fossel AH, and Liang MH: Spine 22(10) 1123-1131, 1997.
  1. Sairyo K, Goel VK, Ikata T, Katoh S, Grobler LJ: “The Pathomechanism of Isthmic Spondylolisthesis . A Biomechanical Study in Immature Calf Spines ”. Spine, 23: 1442-1446, 1998.
  1. Sairyo K, Scifert J, Goel VK, Grosland N, Grobler LJ: Fracture in Immature Spines Associated with Pedicle Screw Type Fixation Devices. J. Spinal Disorders 11(2): 142-145, 1998.
  2. Robertson PA, Novotny JE, Grobler LJ and Agbai JU: Reliability of Axial Landmarks for Pedicle Screw Placement in the Lower Lumbar Spine. Spine 23(1) 60-61,1998.
  1. Grobler LJ: Osteophyte formation in the Vertebral Column: A Review of the Etiological factors. Year Book of Chiropractic, 1996.
  1. Comparing Mersilene Tape and Stainless Steel wire as sublaminar spinal fixation in the Chagma baboon (Papio ursinus). Grobler LJ, Gaines RW, Kempff PG Iowa Orthopaedic Journal. 17:20-31, 1997
  2. L4-5 Degenerative spondylolisthesis: Indications and Technique for Operative Management. O’Rourke MR, Grobler LJ Iowa Orthopaedic Journal. 18:76-86, 1997
  3. Grobler, LJ: Back and Leg Pain in the Elderly; Presentation, Diagnosis and Treatment. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine on Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders, 14:3, August 1998.

Presentations ( National, International meetings ( Summarized ]

Grobler LJ, Simmons EH, and Barrington TW: Disc Herniation in the Adolescent.

Presented at the Dewar Orthopaedic Group Meeting, Toronto, Canada, October, 1976.

Presented at the S.A. Orthopaedic Congress, Bloemfonstein, South Africa, September 1978.

Presented at the International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine (ISSLS), Gotenburg, Sweden, June 1979.

Grobler LJ, Moe J, Winter RB, Bradford DS, and Lonstein LS. Presented at S.A. Orthopaedic Congress, Pretoria, South Africa, 1979.

Grobler LJ, Moe J, Winter RB, Bradford DS and Lonstein LS: Loss of Lumbar Lordosis Following Surgical Correction of Spinal Deformities. Presented at the American Orthopaedic Association, Boston, Massachusetts, June, 1980.

Grobler LJ: Severe Spondylolisthesis - Treatment and Results in Ten Cases. Presented to Post-Congress Meeting, Pretoria, South Africa, following 7th Combined English Speaking World Congress, Cape Town, South Africa, June, 1982.

Grobler LJ: One-Stage Decompression - Stabilization of Thoraco-Lumbar Fractures. Presented to S.A. Orthopaedic Congress, Johannesburg, South Africa, September, 1982.

Grobler LJ: Spinal Bracing. Presented to S.A. Orthotic and Prosthetic Meeting, Cape Town, South Africa, 1982.

Grobler LJ: Spinal Deformities - Diagnosis and Treatment. Presented to the Eastern Transvaal Medical Association, September, 1982.

Grobler LJ: Low Back Pain - Diagnosis and Indications for Surgery. Presented to Northern Transvaal Orthopaedic Association, Pretoria, South Africa, November, 1982.

Grobler LJ, Haugh LD, Wiltse LL and Frymoyer JW: L4-5 Isthmic Spondylolisthesis: Clinical and Radiological Review in 52 Cases.

Presented to the North American Spine Society (NASS) Meeting, Quebec City, Canada, July, 1989.

Presented to AAOS Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, February, 1990.

Presented to the Ninth Combined Meeting of the Orthopaedic Associations, Toronto, Canada, June 21-26, 1992. Orthop Trans 17(1):79, 1993.

Haig AJ, Grobler LJ, Haugh LD, MacDonald L and Holleran K: The Relative Effectiveness of Lumbosacral Corset and Trunk Inclination Audio Feedback on Trunk Flexion. Presented at the ISSLS Meeting, Heidelberg, Germany, May 12-16, 1991.

Grobler LJ, Novotny JE, Wilder DG, Frymoyer JW and Pope MH: L4-5 Isthmic Spondylolisthesis: Biomechanical analysis Comparing Stability in L4-5 and L5-S1 Spondylolisthesic Defects.

Presented at the 38th Orthopaedic Research Society, Washington DC, February 17-20, 1992.

Presented at the International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine, Chicago, Illinois, May 20-24, 1992.

Presented at the Ninth Combined Meeting of the Orthopaedic Associations of the English Speaking World, Toronto, Canada, June 21-26, 1992.

Presented at the North American Spine Society Meeting, Boston, Massachusetts, July 8-11,1992. Orthop Trans 17(2):281, 1993; 18(1):274, 1993.

Wilder DG, Grobler LJ, Neale SG and Pope MH: Implant Interface Motion and Bony Ingrowth.

Presented at the 38th Orthopaedic Research Society, Washington DC, February 17-20, 1992.

Presented at the International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine, Chicago, Illinois, May 21-24, 1992. Orthop Trans 18(1):288, 1994.

Grobler LJ, Robertson PA, Novotny JE, and Pope MH: Assessment of Facet Joint Morphology in the Human Lumbar Spine Using Computerized Tomography. Presented at the International Society of the Study of the Lumbar Spine, Chicago, Illinois, May 21-24, 1992. Orthop Trans, 17(2):307, 1993.

Novotny JE, Grobler LJ, Robertson PA, and Pope MH: Facet Joint Morphology at L5/S1 Adjacent to Spondylolysis of L5. Presented at the International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine, Chicago, Illinois, May 21-24, 1992. Orthop Trans 17(2):297, 1993.

Robertson PA, Grobler LJ, Novotny JE, and Pope MH: Facet Joint Morphology in Spinal Stenosis and Degenerative Spondylolisthesis. Presented at the International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine, Chicago, Illinois, May 21-24, 1992. Orthopaedic Transactions 17(3):633, 113-1994.

Wilder D, Grobler LJ, Waisbrod H, Ahern J, and Pope MH: Stabilization of the Lumbar Motion Segment Using a Cancellous Metal Mold (CMM) Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion with Accompanying Contralateral Facet Screw Fixation. Presented at the International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine, Chicago, Illinois, May 21-2, 1992.

Haig A, Calley C, and Grobler LJ: Paraspinal Mapping: Quantified Needle Electro-Myography in Lumbar Radiculopathy. Presented at the International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine, Chicago, Illinois, May 21-24, 1992. Orthop Trans 17(2):328, 1993.

Grobler LJ, Robertson PA, and Novotny JE: Decompression for Degenerative Spondylolisthesis and Spine Stenosis at L4/5: The Effects on Facet Joint Morphology. Submitted to the Scoliosis Research Society, Kansas City, Missouri, September 23-26, 1992. Orthop Trans 17(3):752-753, 1993-94.

Grobler LJ, Robertson PA, and Novotny JE: Aetiology of Degenerative Spondylolisthesis: Assessment of the Role Played by Lumbar Facet Morphology. Presented to the North American Spine Society, Boston, Massachusetts, July 8-11, 1992. Orthop Trans 18(1):212, 1994.

Wilder D, Grobler LJ, and Neale SG: Implant Interface Potential Motion and Bony Ingrowth.. Presented to the North American Spine Society, Boston, Massachusetts, July 8-11, 1992. Orthop Trans 17(2):312, 1993.

Novotny JE, Pope MH, Grobler LJ, and Robertson PA: Facet Morphology at L5-S1 Adjacent to Spondylolysis of L5. Orthop Trans 17(2):310, 1993.

Strauss P, Novotny JE, Pope MH, and Grobler LJ: Biomechanical Evaluation of the Graf Pedicular Implants Fixation in the Lumbar Spine. Presented to North American Spine Society, Boston, Massachusetts, July 8-11, 1992. Orthop Trans 18(1):226-227, 1994.

Grobler LJ, Robertson PA, Novotny JE, and Ahern JW: Decompression for Degenerative Spondylolisthesis and Spinal Stenosis at L4-5: The Effects on Facet Joint Morphology.

Presented at the Orthopaedic Research Society Annual Meeting, San Francisco, California, February, 1993.

Presented to the International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine Meeting, Marseilles, France, June, 1993. Orthop Trans 17(3):752-753, 1993.

Grobler LJ, Robertson PA, Novotny JE, and Ahern JW: Decompression for Degenerative Spondylolisthesis and Spinal Stenosis: The Effects on Facet Joint Morphology. Comparing anterior lumbar interbody stabilization with the BaK vertebral stabilizer system and allograft. Presented at the North American Spine Society Meeting, San Diego, California, October 15, 1993.

Robertson PA, Grobler LJ, Novotny JE, and Katz JN: Postoperative Spondylolisthesis at L4-5: The Role of Facet Joint Morphology. Presented at the North American Spine Society Meeting, San Diego, California, October 16, 1993. Ortho Trans 18(3):862-863, 1994.

Katz JN, Lipson SJ, Grobler LJ, Brick GW, Weinstein J, Lew RA, Fossel AH, and Liang MH: Lumbar Fusion in Degenerative Spinal Stenosis: Indications and Outcomes. Presented at the North Carolina Orthopaedic Association Meeting, Asheville, North Carolina, October 14, 1994.

Novotny JE and Grobler LJ: Morphology of the L4-5 Vertebral Level of the Chagma Baboon: A Radiographic Analysis and Comparison to the Human Anatomy. Orthop Trans 18(2):576-577,

Katz JN, Lipson SJ, Grobler LJ, Weinstein JN, Lew RA, Brick GW, Fossel AH and Liang MH: Laminectomy Alone or With Noninstrumented or Instrumented Arthrodesis for Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: Patient Selection and Quality of Life Following Surgery. Presented at the International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine (ISSLS) meeting (??)

Colletti RB and Grobler LJ: Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER) and Barrett’s Esophagus due to a Scoliosis Brace. Submitted to the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, San Diego, California, December, 1994.

Sairyo K, Goel VK, Grobler LJ, Ikata T, Katoh S: Pathomechanism of Spondylolisthesis in Immature Spines with Pars Defects. Iowa Spine Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, The University of Tokushima, Japan, June, 1997. Presented at the ISSLS Meeting, Singapore, June, 1997.

Scifert, Sairyo K, Goel VK, Grosland N, Grobler, LJ: Neurocentral Synchondrosis Fracture in Immature Spines Associated with Pedicle Screw Type Fixation Devies. ISSLS Meeting, Singapore, June, 1997.

Chang HT, Goel VK, Wilder D, Grobler L: Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Patterns in Axial Compression: Effect of Homogeneous and Non-Homogeneous Material Properties, Iowa Spine Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Presented at the ISSLS Meeting, Singapore, June, 1997.

Grosland NM, Goel VK, Grobler LJ, Griffith SL: Adaptative Internal Bone Remodeling of the Vertebral Body Following an Anterior Interbody Fusion. Iowa Spine Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242. Presented at the ISSLS Meeting, Singapore, June, 1997.

Goel VK, Grosland NM, Grobler LJ, Griffith SL: Kinematic Evaluation of a Spinal Segment Adjacent to an Anterior Interbody Fusion Segment Using the Finite Element Approach. Iowa Spine Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242. Spine Tech, Inc. Minneapolis, MN. Presented at the ISSLS Meeting, Singapore, June, 1997

Grobler, LJ. Biomechanical Evaluation of Spondylolytic Spondylolisthesis in Children Using Calf Spines. Department of Orthopaedics, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242. Mid-America Orthopaedic Association Meeting. April, 1998.

Sairyo K, Goel VK, Grobler LJ, Ikata T , Katoh S: Pathomechanism of Spondylolisthesis in Immature Spines with Pars Defects. 24th Annual Meeting of the International Society of the Lumbar Spine. Singapore, June 2-6 1997.

Sairyo K, Goel VK, Grobler LJ, Ikata T, Katoh S: The Slippage Mechanism of Lumbar Spondylolisthesis in Children. ASME/AlChhE/ASCE Summer Bioengineering Conference, Sunriver, Oregon. June 11-15, 1997.

Grosland NM, Goel VK, Grobler LJ, Griffith SL: Adaptive Internal Bone Remodeling of the Vertebral Body Following an Anterior Interbody Fusion: A Computer Simulation. 24th Annual meeting of the International Society for the Study of the lumbar Spine. Singapore June 2-6 , 1997.

Goel VK, Grosland NM, Grobler LJ, Griffith SL: Kinematic Evaluation of a Spinal Segment Adjacent to an Anterior Interbody Fusion Segment Using the Finite Element Approach. 24th Annual meeting of the International Society for the Study of the lumbar Spine. Singapore June 2-6, 1997.

Grosland NM, Goel VK, Grobler LJ, Griffith SL: Biomechanical Basis for Bone Growth Around an Interbody Fusion Cage. 44th Annual Meeting, Orthopaedic Research Society. New Orleans, LA. March 15-19, 1998.