End of Course Test Review

Biology

End of Course Test Review

Cells

Assessment of this domain will focus on the relationship between form and function in all cells

1. relating common organelles to their functions. These organelles include, but are not limited to:

a)mitochondrion

b)Golgi apparatus

c)vacuole

d)nucleus

e)ribosome

f)chloroplast

1. differentiating between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

1. comprehending the role of the cell membrane in maintaining a constant internal environment

The property of the membrane that allows certain materials to pass through the cell while keeping others out is called ______

Polymer / Use / Additional Information
Phospholipid bilayer / Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic portions
Proteins
Carbohydrate chains

1. understanding the mechanisms (active and passive transport) required to maintain homeostasis in unicellular and multicellular organisms

Active Transport Passive Transport

With or against the

concentration gradient?

Examples:

1. determining chemical elements that are essential constituents of organic molecules
2. comparing the function of basic organic molecules in cells
3. determining the properties of basic biomolecules in living organisms

Polymer / Monomer / Examples/Uses
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

1. comprehending the lock and key action of enzymes in catalyzing biological reactions

All enzymes have 3 things in common:

1.2.3.

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering its ______,which is the energy required to start the reaction.

Know These:

Substrates:Products:Active Site:

1. Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have the capacity to

A assemble into multi-cellular organisms

B establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms

C obtain energy from the Sun

D store genetic information in the form of DNA

1. Inside eukaryotic cells are membrane -bound structures called

A cell walls

B cilia

C organelles

D cytoplasm

1. The function of the cell organelle circled below is to produce energy.

What is the name of this organelle?

A Gogli apparatus

B mitochondrion

C nucleus

D ribosome

1. Which of the following examples illustrates osmosis?

A Water leaves the tubules of the kidney in response to the hypertonic fluid surrounding the tubules.

B Digestive enzymes are excreted into the small intestine.

C White blood cells consume pathogens and cell debris at the site of an infection.

D Calcium is pumped inside a muscle cell after the muscle completes its contraction.

1. Food is commonly refrigerated at temperatures 2°C to 7°C to slow the rate of spoilage by bacteria. Which of the following best explains why refrigeration atthese temperatures slows the spoilage of food?

A Bacteria that cause food spoilage are killed by these low temperatures.

B Bacteria that cause food spoilage multiply rapidly at these temperatures.

C The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are not active at these temperatures.

D The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are denatured at thesetemperatures.

1. The assembly of proteins in a celltakes place in the

A nucleus

B vacuoles

C ribosomes

D mitochondria

1. Which of the following is anorganism whose cell(s) lack(s)membrane-bound organelles?

A nucleolus

B chromatin

C eukaryote

D prokaryote

1. In all reptiles, birds, andmammals, the processes ofexcretion, water and salt balance,and the regulation of pH in bodyfluids are controlled by thekidneys. This is an example of theorganism maintaining

A reabsorption

B homeostasis

C insulation

D hibernation

1. Proteins are long chains orpolymers made up of

A nucleotides

B carbohydrates

C amino acids

D lipids

1. Which of the following moleculesprovides the greatest amount ofenergy per gram of mass whenmetabolized?

A carbohydrate

B nucleic acid

C protein

D lipid

1. Which of the followingenvironmental changes can causean increase in the rates of chemicalreactions in cells?

A increased temperature

B decreased enzyme concentrations

C increased activation energy requirement

D decreased diffusion rates

Biology

End of Course Test Review

Organisms

Assessment of this domain will focus on the following:

1. energy is needed by all organisms to carry out processes within the cell

a)understanding how organisms obtain the energy needed to sustain life

Know these: Autotrophs:Heterotrophs:

b)analyzing the processes of energy transformation and conversion within types oforganisms, such as plants and animals.

Photosynthesis:

6______+ 6______+ 6______

Light Reactionsor light-dependant reactions take place in the ______of the chloroplast. The reactants of the light reactions are ______and ______. They give off ______to the atmosphere and provide the dark reactions with an energy source and a hydrogen atom.

The Dark Reactions or light-independent reactions are also called the ______. They take place in the ______of the chloroplast and create a ______molecule by combining hydrogen from the light reactions and ______from the atmosphere.

Aerobic Respiration: ______+ 6______6______+ 6______+ 36 ATP

Glycolysis takes place in the ______of the cell. It sends pyruvate into the mitochondria to be used in the Krebs Cycle and it creates a net gain of energy of ______ATP.

The Krebs Cycle uses the pyruvate from Glycolysis to move high energy electrons to the electron transport chain. This process creates ______which diffuses out of the cell and ____ ATP molecules.

The Electron Transport Chain uses the high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle and oxygen to create ______ATP molecules and 6 molecules of ______per glucose molecule.

c)explaining how matter and energy are recycled through ecosystems

In an ecosystem, energy is not recycled. It flows from the ______to the ______, to the ______and finally to the ______.

Nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and water are recycled in an ecosystem. You should know what these nutrient cycles look like/the steps involved in the cycles.

d)comparing the complexity of organisms to their method of obtaining energy

e)determining how energy is stored and released from the ATP-ADP cycle

1. modern Linnean classification systems are composed of six kingdoms

a)understanding the binomial nomenclature system of organism classification

Scientific name for individual organisms

b)comprehending how scientific discovery leads to the addition of classification groups

c)associating similar organisms by their classification

Eubacteria / Archeabacteria / Protists / Fungi / Plants / Animals
Cell Type / Prokaryote
Unicelluar / Multicellular / Unicellular
Heterotroph/
Autotroph / Can be both

1. In glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration, ATP molecules are produced. What is the net gain of ATP molecules (per molecule of glucose) from glycolysis?

A 1

B 2

C 4

D 36

1. One main difference between members of the Kingdoms Plantae and Animaliais the ability to

A obtain energy

B reproduce

C move

D exchange gases

1. The function of chlorophyll in alight reaction is to

A bind CO2 to H2O

B split to produce O2

C trap light energy

D act as a source of CO2

1. A group of prokaryotes that live in extreme environments are the

A viruses

B protests

C eubacteria

D archaebacteria

1. The complexity of body systems differs greatly among organisms. Which of the following organisms has developed organ systems for obtaining and utilizing energy?

A bacterium

B mushroom

C mouse

D virus

1. Scientists have discovered a new species of animal. Which would provide the best basis for classifying this new species?

A DNA comparison

B diet of animal

C habitat of animal

D appearance of animal

1. Which statement is true about viruses?

A They can reproduce.

B They are autotrophs.

C They contain organelles.

D They are living organisms.

Biology

End of Course Test Review

Genetics

Assessment of this domain will focus on the following:

1. DNA and RNA are two molecules essential for the transmission of geneticinformation

a)comprehending the role of DNA in cellular replication prior to mitosis

b)understanding the roles of DNA and RNA during meiosis

DNA & RNA

Similarities : DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, both are required for manufacturing proteins in the cell, they are made up of strings of nucleotides.

Differences :DNA’s shape is described as a ______and it cannot leave the nucleus of the cell. RNA is ______-stranded and leaves the nucleus. The 4 nitrogen bases found in DNA are ______, ______, ______& ______. RNA also has 4 nitrogen bases, however, instead of ______RNA contains ______

Know how proteins are made in the cell

Describe the following two cellular processes. Be sure to include the following key terms.

Key Terms – Helicase, RNA polymerase, mRNA, tRNA, Codon, Anticodon, Amino Acids Ribosome, polypeptide.

Transcription -

Translation -

Mitosis creates ______diploiddaughter cells that are ______to each other and to the parent.

Steps of mitotic division:

1. the laws of genetics, put forth by Mendel, can be used to explain genetic variability

a) analyzing the effects of the law of independent assortment on genetic crosses

b) applying the concepts within the law of segregation to genetic crosses

c) predicting the genotypic and phenotypic outcome of genetic crosses (law of dominant and recessive traits)

T - Tall

t - short

A pea plant that is heterozygous for the tall trait is crossed with a short pea plant. Complete the punnett square for this cross and answer the questions that follow.

A genotype is:

A phenotype is:

What is the phenotypic ratio for this cross? ______

What is the genotypic ratio for this cross? ______

d)evaluating the role of each of these laws throughout the process of meiosis

Meiosis creates ______haploid daughter cells that are ______to each other and to the parent.

Steps of meiotic division:

1. alteration to the genetic material of germ cells can result in variation beyond thatexplained by Mendelian genetics

a) evaluating the role of genetic variation in successive generations

b) analyzing the possible alterations that can occur during meiosis:

Describe the following types of mutations:

–Insertion:

–Deletion:

–Substitution:

–Nondisjuction:

c)describe mutagenic factors found in the environment

1. sexual reproduction results in genetic variation; asexual reproduction results inoffspring identical to their parents
2. DNA technology is changing modern industries

a)evaluating the results of DNA comparisons in forensic sciences

b)justifying the use of gene therapy in medicine

c)predicting the effect of recombinant DNA on agricultural sciences

1. Information on mRNA is used to make a sequence of amino acids into a protein by which of the following processes?

A replication

B translation

C transcription

D transference

1. When an organism has two different alleles for a trait, it is said to be

A recessive

B dominant

C homozygous

D heterozygous

1. What is a source of genetic variation?

A adaptation

B mutation

C respiration

D transpiration

1. Why is it important for the cells of multi-cellular organisms to undergomitosis?

A Mitosis allows for reproduction with male and female gametes.

B Mitosis increases variation within an organism.

C Mitosis produces cells that are different from the original dividing cell.

D Mitosis produces identical cells to the original dividing cell.

1. Which of the following is thecorrect base-pairing rule forDNA?

A A-U; C-G

B A-G; T-C

C A-T; G-C

D A-C; T-G

1. A type of mutation that can alter DNA by the loss of a nucleotide base is known as

A substitution

B crossing over

C deletion

D insertion

1. In Mendel’s experiments with a single trait, the trait that disappeared in the first generation and reappeared in the next generation is called the

A homozygous trait

B dominant trait

C recessive trait

D heterozygous trait

1. DNA in an individual’s gametes will most likely be altered before being passed to offspring if exposed to

A x-rays

B loud sounds

C magnetic fields

D extreme temperatures

1. Genetic engineering techniques have been used to produce all of the following effects except

A grow salt-tolerant crop plants

B decrease harvesting time

C make crop plants resistant to disease

D decrease soil nitrogen levels

1. In fruit flies, the gray body color (G) is dominant to the ebony body color (g). What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring of a heterozygous gray female and an ebony male?

A 25% Gg, 75% gg

B 50% Gg, 50% gg

C 75% gray, 25% ebony

D 100% gray

Biology

End of Course Test Review

Ecology

Assessment of this domain will focus on the following:

1. understanding the relationship of the individual to a population, a community, an ecosystem and a biome

Biotic factors are:Abiotic factors are:

Primary Successionis:Secondary Succession is:

Category / Definition
Biosphere
Biome
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Individual Organism

Population growth rates:

Name and describe these two types of population growth

What are the definitions and examples of density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors?

Know the basic biotic and abiotic factors for each of the following biomes:

Tundra

TropicalRain Forest

Desert

Grassland

Taiga

Temperate Deciduous Forest

Freshwater

Brackish water/intertidal

Saltwater

1. assessing the flow of energy through an ecosystem and required components of asuccessful environment

a)food chains

b)food webs

c)energy pyramids

d)nutrient cycling

In an ecosystem, energy is not recycled. It flows from the ______to the ______, to the ______and finally to the ______.

Nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and water are recycled in an ecosystem. You should know what these nutrient cycles look like/the steps involved in the cycles.

1. explaining the negative impact humans have had on Earth

a) pollution

b) proposed global warming

c) explosive population

d) pesticide and herbicide usage

e) resource consumption, renewable and non-renewable

1. evaluating the adaptive responses of organisms to their environments

a) plant tropisms

Tropism—

Geotropism—

Phototropism—

Thigmotropism—

b) animal behavior

Innate behavior—

Instincts—

Territorial behavior—

Migration—

Habituation—

Imprinting—

c) survival strategies

Mechanical defense—

Chemical defense—

1. In the food chain below, which population will most likely decrease if snakes are removed from the food chain?

grass grasshopper frog snake hawk

A grass

B grasshopper

C frog

D hawk

1. Which element’s cycle depends on certain kinds of bacteria to keep the element available to other organisms?

A carbon

B hydrogen

C nitrogen

D phosphorus

1. The theory of global warming suggests that a trend toward warmer temperatures on Earth will cause glaciers to lose mass. Which result is a major consequence of glacial melting?

A flooding coastal regions

B destruction of fossil records

C increased saltiness of the oceans

D an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide

1. What characteristics of some pine trees allow the species to survive a sudden environmental change?

A modified leaves from needle bundles

B seeds that germinate after fires

C pollen that is easily carried by wind

D bark that is lightly colored

1. A group of organisms of a certain species that is in one area at a given time is known as

A an ecosystem

B a community

C a population

D a trophic level

1. As energy flows through an ecosystem, at each trophic level it

A increases

B decreases

C fluctuates

D remains the same

1. Predators often feed on weak or sick animals in an ecosystem. The role of the predator is described as its

A community

B habitat

C niche

D population

1. Lightning causes a fire that destroys all the plants in a forest community. Which of the following will MOST likely be the first to occupy the burned area?

A oak seedlings

B pine trees

C grasses and annual plants

D woody shrubs

1. The state of California has several large cities and very productive croplands that divert and use large amounts of water from rivers. What is one damaging effect of this use of the rivers’ water?

A increased amounts of solid waste

pollution in oceans

B decreased amounts of fresh water

in marshes and estuaries

C changes in local rainfall amounts

D changes in upstream water tables

1. Plants that live in the rain forest have many adaptations to their environment. Some plants, such as vines, have adaptations that allow them to attach themselves to the trunks of trees. These adaptations allow vines to successfully compete for which of the following limited resources in the rain forest?

A sunlight

B water

C carbon dioxide

D oxygen

1. Birds have been observed puffing up their feathers under certain conditions. By trapping air between feathers, this behavior helps the bird

A hide from enemies

B expend less energy during flight

C shelter offspring

D trap body heat

Biology

End of Course Test Review

Evolution

Assessment of this domain will focus on the following:

1. understanding how scientific theories are developed

Know:Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution by natural selection

His trip on the HMS Beagle

His observations on theGalapagos Islands

Know how geographic isolation & reproductive isolation leads to the development of a new species

1. comparing the geologic history of a species

a) biodiversity

b)ancestry

c) rate of evolution

Adaptive Radiation (divergent evolution) is:

Convergent evolution is:

Ecosystem diversity is:

Species diversity is:

Genetic diversity is:

Gradualism is:

Punctuated equilibrium is:

1. evaluating the scientific evidence that supports the theory of evolution

a) fossil record

b) biochemistry

c) embryologic development

d) homologous structures

1. analyzing the effect of natural selection on species

Fitness

Stabilizing Selection

Directional Selection

Disruptive Selection

1. understanding chemical resistance as a modern example of biological evolution

1. Ancestors of the koala lived on the ground, but modern koalas live in treesand eat eucalyptus leaves, which are poisonous to most other animals. Thedifference between the ancestor and modern koalas was caused by

A the presence of homologous structures

B the presence of vestigial organs

C selective breeding

D natural selection

1. Horses and tapirs have a common ancestor, but they now look very differentfrom one another. Horses are now grassland animals adapted for grazing ongrass and shrubs. Tapirs are jungle animals that live in dense forests and eatfruit, leaves, and aquatic vegetation. Which of the following led to thedevelopment of such differences in the two species?

A selective breeding

B convergent evolution

C DNA hybridization

D natural selection

1. Fossils of Archaeopteryx show that this animal had feathers, like a bird. It alsohad a bony tail, teeth, and claws on its wings, like a reptile. These fossils areevidence that support the idea that

A birds and reptiles have a common ancestor

B birds have changed very little over millions of years

C reptile species are more advanced than bird species

D reptiles are warm-blooded like birds

1. Although the arctic fox and the kit fox are closely related, they look verydifferent because the individuals

A acquired traits during their lifetimes that contributed to survival

B with traits most suited to their environment reproduced most successfully

C migrated long distances to environments that most suited their traits

D passed on to their offspring acquired behaviors that were helpful

1. Some viral diseases require only one vaccination, which lasts for years. For other diseases such as the flu, vaccinations last only one season. The flu vaccinelasts such a short time because the flu virus

A is more easily transmitted than other viruses