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Biol 251 Test 2 F2F
Use scenario to answer questions 1-4
· A person is hypocalcemic, low calcium level in the blood plasma , because they have DiGeorge syndrome, which causes hypoparathyroidism.
1. The low blood calcium levels is probably caused by a lack of this hormone.
a. Thyroid
b. HGH
c. Calcitriol
d. Calcitonin
e. PTH
2. Skeletal mineralization is exceeding the rate of bone resorption. Which cell causes bone mineralization?
a. Osteogenic cells
b. Mesenchymal cells
c. Osteoclasts
d. Osteoblasts
e. Osteocytes
3. Which organ can increases the resorption of calcium from the urine?
a. Pituritary gland
b. Kidney
c. Adrenal gland
d. Intestines
e. Bone
4. Which hormone might be deficient or inactive so calcium is not being absorbed from the intestines?
a. Thyroid
b. HGH
c. Calcitriol
d. Calcitonin
e. PTH
5. Stimulates the release of the biologically-active form of vitamin D within the kidney.
a. Thyroid hormone
b. Growth Hormone
c. Parathyroid hormone
d. Calcitriol
e. Calitonin
6. Growth in length occurs at the _____, while growth in width occurs at _________.
a. Periosteum, epiphyseal plate
b. Diaphysis, endosteum
c. Epiphysis, periosteum
d. Epiphyseal plate, periosteum
e. Epiphyseal plate, endosteum
Use for 7-9 (if the answer is a double letter, bubble in both letters)
a. PTH
b. Cortisol
c. Growth hormone
d. Calcitriol
e. Calcitonin
Ab. Estrogen
Ac. Insulin-like growth factor
Ad. Thyroid hormone
7. Primary source is pituitary gland; stimulates osteoblast activity and IGF.
8. Produced by adrenal gland, adipocytes and other organs. Cause an increase in bone formation but also can halt growth in length.
9. This hormone decreases the rate of intestinal calcium absorption.
10. The bones of the skeleton system store energy reserves as lipids in the
a. Epiphysis
b. Metaphysic
c. Perforating canals
d. Medullary canals
e. diaphysis
11. The primary reason osteoporosis accelerates after menopause in women is
a. Reduced levels of circulating estrogens
b. Reduced levels of circulating Vitamin C
c. Diminished osteoclast activity
d. Increased osteoblast activity
e. Increased activity of androgens
12. During endochondral ossification, calcification of cartilage matrix causes the death of chondrocytes. This leads to:
a. death of the developing bone.
b. hemopoiesis.
c. closing of the epiphyseal plates.
d. erosion of articular cartilage.
e. development of the diaphysis and the marrow cavity.
13. The cells responsible for maintaining the daily cellular activities of bone tissue, such as exchange of nutrients and wastes with the blood, are the—
a. osteogenic cells.
b. osteoblasts.
c. osteoclasts.
d. osteocytes.
e. chondroblasts.
14. A bedridden person loses bone mass because of—
a. decreased calcitonin activity due to immobility.
b. lack of sufficient mechanical stress on bones.
c. increased conversion of monocytes to osteoclasts.
d. pressure on the kidney that leads to reduced calcitriol production.
15. Which of the following are effects of parathyroid hormone:
1. increased protein synthesis.
2. increased numbers and activity of osteoclasts.
3. reabsorption of calcium ions by the kidney.
4. Decreased calcium ions in blood serum
5. Increased calcium ions in blood serum.
6. promotion of calcitriol production by the kidney.
a. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6
b. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
c. 1, 4, 5, 6
d. 2, 3, 5, 6
e. all are correct
16. Friction reduction and shock absorption are functions of what part of a long bone?
a. the articular cartilage
b. the periosteum
c. the epiphyseal plate
d. the articular capsule
e. the endosteum
17. Hyaline cartilage makes up the
1. articular discs
2. menisci
3. epiphyseal plates
4. intervertebral disc
5. pubic symphysis
6. costal cartilage
a. 1, 2, 3, 6
b. 2, 3, 4, 5
c. 1, 3, 6
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
18. A little girl was allergic to the sun (photosensitivity). Since she did not take Vitamin D, she failed to have bone calcification. What disease did she most likely have?
a. osteoporosis
b. osteopenia
c. ostomalacia
d. rickets
19. Osteoporotic bones exhibit __-creased bone mass and __-creased susceptibility to fractures. This disorder is associated with a loss of the hormone____, which normally stimulates osteo____activity
a. In, de, estrogen, clasts
b. In, de, testosterone, clasts
c. De, in, estrogen, blasts
d. De, in, testosterone, blasts
e. None of the above
20. Which of the following individual is most likely to have osteoporosis?
a. a 60 year-old male who smokes, binge drinks , lifts weights and runs 5 miles a week
b. a 60 year-old man who exercises regularly, does not smoke and does not drink
c. a petite, chain-smoking, sedentary 50 year old woman of Asian American heritage
d. a 50 year-old woman body builder who has been competing for the last 30 years
e. a large, physically active, nonsmoking 50 year old woman who rarely drinks alcohol
21. Sutures and synchondroses are similar in that they both:
a. are functionally classified as amphiarthroses.
b. lack joint cavities between articulating bones.
c. become synostoses as bodies age.
d. are always functionally classified as synarthroses.
e. Both B and C are correct
22. If the rate of bone deposition were to exceed the rate of bone resorption, which of the following would probably occur?
a. Bone density would decrease, but bone mass would increase.
b. Bone density would increase, but bone mass would decrease.
c. Both bone density and bone mass would increase.
d. Both bone density and bone mass would decrease.
e. Neither bone density nor bone mass would be affected.
23. A 16 year-old is so surprised by the new Lexus she is given for her birthday that her jaw hangs open. In scientific terms, her mandible is
a. depressed.
b. elevated.
c. retracted.
d. abducted.
e. flexed.
24. An instructor tells students in a P.E. class to place their arms at their sides. Then she tells them to raise their arms away from their bodies until the arms are at shoulder level and their bodies form a letter T. During the last movement described the students adducted their arms.
a. This is true
b. This is false
25. After training for a marathon for 8 months, Michelle suddenly had throbbing pains in her foot. After going to the doctor and getting x-rays, she was diagnosed with lots of little fractures that didn’t damage any surrounding tissues. What type of fracture was it?
a. Pott’s
b. Stress
c. Compound
d. Closed
e. Greenstick
26. ALL of the following bones would be produced via endochondral ossification EXCEPT the
a. tibia.
b. femur.
c. mandible
d. humerus.
e. metacarpal.
27. Bone constantly remodels and redistributes its matrix along lines of
a. blood flow
b. mechanical stress
c. nervous stimulation
d. overlying muscles
e. osteons
28. Flexion and extension are the principal movements performed at—
a. planar joints.
b. pivot joints.
c. syndesmoses.
d. symphyses.
e. hinge joints.
29. Rheumatism
1. is any painful condition of the supporting structures of the body
2. is any infection in body tissues
3. Includes sore muscles on the thigh from stretching
4. can include deposition of uric acid in joints
5. can be caused by an autoimmune disease
a. 1, 2, 3
b. 1, 3, 4, 5
c. 2, 4, 5
d. 1, 4, 5
e. all of the above
Matching-Use for 30-33
a. pivot
b. diarthrosis
c. fibrous
d. symphysis
e. synostosis
ab. Ball and socket
ac. suture
ad. Syndesmosis
ae. planar
30. You tear the ligament holding your radius and ulna together at the distal end; what joint did you damage.
31. The most freely moving synovial joint
32. Type of joint that can be softened with hormones, such as relaxin
33. Allows gliding motions
34. Bending your head backwards till it hurts exemplifies
a. Flexion
b. Extension
c. Hyperflexion
d. Hyperextension
e. None of the above
35. Compared to the shoulder joints, displacement of the hip joints are:
a. Common because they are both ball and socket
b. Rare because of the ligament reinforcement
c. Common because of the ligament reinforcement
d. Rare because the rotator cuff is much more stable
36. The only bone that does not articulate with another bone in the body is the floating ribs?
a. This is true
b. This is false
37. Several layers of cells reside within epiphyseal disks of developing long bones. Which layer is responsible for anchoring the disk to the bony epiphysis?
a. Cells undergoing mitosis
b. Cells enlarging
c. Dead cells becoming calcified
d. Resting cells
38. Which of the following is true of bony callus formation?
a. Blood clots form around the site of the fracture.
b. Fibrocartilage is converted to spongy bone by osteoblasts.
c. Phagocytes secrete a collagen matrix.
d. Dead portions of bone fragments are resorbed by osteoblasts
39. The largest joint in the body is the ____and it is made up of ____joints.
a. Knee, 2
b. Knee, 3
c. Shoulder, 2
d. hip, 2
e. Hip, 3
40. Which is not matched correctly?
a. Vitamin A-increases osteoclast activity
b. Vitamin C-important for collagen production
c. Magnesium-helps increase calcium absorption
d. Vitamin K-interferes with vitamin D absorption when present in high amounts
e. Calcium-99% is found in bones
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Biol 251 Test 2 F2F
Correct spelling should be used. If you do not use sentences, make sure the information is clearly stated. You can use drawings, bullets, etc.
Please choose 2 to answer. Use the scrap paper provided if needed. Please make sure to number which questions you choose. (5 pts each)
1. Describe the signs and symptoms of osteoporosis and describe the risk factors for developing osteoporosis.
2.A child who enters puberty several years later than the average age is usually taller than average as an adult. Why?
3. Describe the 3 functional and 3 structural classification of a joint. Make sure to give an example of each structural and functional classification.
4. Describe the classifications of bone’s shapes (looking for at least 5)
5.Where is the hyoid bone located? What is its function? What is the significance of finding a broken hyoid on autopsy?
6.Describe the classification of ribs based on their articulations with other bones.
7.In detail describe how blood calcium level is decreased when it is too high. What type of feedback loop is this? What are the specific 3 components? Make sure you describe the specific terms that allow this process to occur (what cells, hormones, etc are involved).
8. In detail describe how blood calcium level is increased when it is too low. What type of feedback loop is this? What are the specific 3 components? Make sure you describe the specific terms that allow this process to occur (what cells, hormones, etc are involved).
9. In detail, describe how bones are formed through intramembranous ossification.
10. Describe the factors affecting the range of motion at synovial joints.