Name ______Per ______
GENETIC ENGINEERING AND SELECTIVE BREEDING NOTES
I. Selective Breeding
Selecting individuals with desired ______to produce offspring for the next generation.
a. Used to produce most ______(corn, wheat)
b. Used to produce all breeds of domestic animals (dogs, horses, cats, sheep, cattle)
c. Also called ______.
Luther Burbank (1849-1926) Developed over ______varieties of ______. Ex. Cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli
A. Limits of Selective Breeding
1. It can be a slow process, taking lots of time and many ______to get the traits that you want.
2. Cannot mix traits from 2 different ______
3. Can result in ______offspring or traits.
Example: Want plants that are drought resistant; however, end up with drought resistant plants that don’t produce many seeds
B. Two Types of Selective Breeding:
1. Inbreeding: crossing two individuals with ______traits.
Advantages:
a. Desired trait is ______and preserved through many generations.
Disadvantages:
a. ______genetic variation which could lead to vulnerability to disease.
b. ______recessive traits that are unwanted or unhealthy are more likely to show up.
2. Hybridization: crossing 2 dissimilar, but related organisms
a. Offspring called ______.
Advantages:
a. Usually stronger/hardier than ______.
b. Known as ______.
Disadvantages:
a. May promote the loss of native species if released into the ______. Ex: ______
Other hybrids: Horse and Donkey; Lion and Tiger; Horse and Zebra
II. Genetic Engineering
Changing an organism’s ______to make it more beneficial to humans.
A. Recombinant DNA: DNA made from 2 separate ______.
1. A gene from one organism is “recombined” with another organisms DNA.
B. Transgenic Organism: any organism that contains ______DNA. These new gene combinations could never be
possible in nature.
1. Transgenic Plants: What’s next on Your Plate?
What genes do we want them to have? Insect, Herbicide, and
______resistance.
- ______resistance
- Product ______
- New vitamins or other ______benefits.
Ex. Flavr Savr tomato, Golden Rice contains a gene from
daffodils that produces vitamin A.
2. Transgenic Animals:
Animals are now being produced with genes that increase
______production and ______mass.
Problem: unhealthy; legs cannot support weight
3. Transgenic Bacteria: Used to produce important medicines such as ______for diabetics and
______to treat pituitary dwarfism, and anticoagulants for treating heart attack patients.
C. Dangers of Transgenic Organisms: ______problem (should we)
- Transgenic bacteria could be used to create ______weapons
- Insertion of gene may interfere with workings of other genes causing disease.
- A superior transgenic organism that escaped into the environment may damage the ______(food chains).
III. The Human Genome Project
A ______ is an organism’s entire set of DNA.
Project began in1990; Completed in 2003; Coordinated by National Institutes of Health (NIH) & U.S.
Department of Energy (DOE)
A. Goals of Human Genome Project (HGP)
1. ______and determining the sequence of the 3 billion base pairs in the human genome.
2. ______and identifying all genes in the human genome which there is about 30,000
3. ______information into databases that are accessible to the public
4. ______and addressing ethical, legal, & social issues involved in using this information
B. Benefits of the Human Genome Project
1. We have located many diseased ______and genetic tests have been created.
2. Researching bacteria genomes furthered research for ______and environmental clean-up.
3. Improved technology for ______forensic science
4. Other sequences completed for E. coli, yeast, simple round worm, fruit fly, rat & chimpanzee (model organisms for studying how
similar genes work in ______.)
C. DNA fingerprinting/Electrophoresis
Tool used by forensics scientists to identify a person using ______.
How it Works:
1. A sample of the person’s DNA is taken from blood, semen, bone, or hair.
2. DNA fragments are cut - ______enzymes cut DNA at
specific sequences. Useful to divide DNA into manageable fragments.
3. DNA fragments are separated based on ______and
______.
4. ______groups are negatively charged.
5. DNA is placed into a gel & connected to an electric current
6. DNA (neg charged) moves through the gel toward + pole; shortest lengths
move the fastest & longest lengths move the slowest.
7. A characteristic banding pattern is produced and a photograph is taken
8. The banding pattern is ______for each person, thus
called a DNA ______.
D. How Cloning Occurs in Nature
1. Clone: an organism that is genetically ______to another organism.
a. All of the genes are the same (identical)
2. Examples of cloning that occur in nature:
a. Reproduction in bacteria & sponges (asexual)
b. Identical ______are natural clones.
E. Bacteria and Plant Cloning is Easy
1. Cloning of transgenic bacteria creates many “living factories” used to make ______and other drugs.
2. Cloning of transgenic plants to ensure that genetics are intact for the next generation.
F. Animal Cloning is Difficult and Controversial (Also called ______Cloning)
G. What are Stem Cells? & Why Do Scientists Want Them?
Stem Cells :are ______cells that reproduce continuously and can develop into any type of ______or tissue.
The hope is to be able to produce ______and ______for transplants.
Two types of stem cells:
a. ______Stem cells are most easily
obtained from embryos and umbilical cords. They are
pluripotent.
b. ______Stem cells are found in bone
marrow and skin