QUIZ 6Mental Aspects of Sport and Exercise

Chapters 22 and 24 (Youth sport; character/sportsmanship)

  1. Which of the following statements is (are) true?
  1. sport participation builds character
  2. sport participation builds leadership skills
  3. the benefits of sport participation depend on the quality of the adult leadership
  4. a and b
  5. none of the above
  1. Dropout rates for youth sport participants have been estimated to be about what percentage each year?
  1. 10 percent
  2. 20 percent
  3. 35 percent
  4. 45 percent
  5. 5 percent
  1. The reasons given most often for participation in youth sport are
  1. extrinsic in nature
  2. intrinsic in nature
  3. equally divided between intrinsic and extrinsic motives
  4. situational in nature
  5. personal in nature
  1. Which of the following statements regarding peer relationships is (are) true?
  1. female participants, as compared to their male counterparts, identify emotional support as a positive aspect of friendship
  2. children with more positive relationships with peers in physical activity reported more positive feelings toward physical activity
  3. intimacy (close personal bonds), as a positive aspect of peer friendships, was seen as less important with increasing age.
  4. All of the above
  5. a and b
  1. Based on the research on peer friendships, what implication(s) can you draw for practice?
  1. coaches should use an autocratic coaching style
  2. teamwork and group goals should be emphasized
  3. time should be provided for children to be with their friends
  4. a and b
  5. b and c
  1. According to the swimming study by Gould et al., what percentage of young athletes dropped out of competitive sport because of negative experiences (e.g., too much pressure, no fun)?
  1. 10 percent
  2. 19 percent
  3. 44 percent
  4. 28 percent
  5. 37 percent
  1. Research has indicated that participants in youth sports differ from dropouts in what psychological attribute?
  1. perceived competence
  2. trait anxiety
  3. self-esteem
  4. independence
  5. self-motivation
  1. A good way to enhance young athletes’ perceptions of their abilities is to have them
  1. focus on winning
  2. focus on comparing their performance to other athletes
  3. focus on improving their own performance
  4. a and b
  5. none of the above
  1. Based on research with elite high school wrestlers and distance runners, which of the following are the two major sources of the stress experienced by junior elite athletes?
  1. fear of failure and coach expectations
  2. coach expectations and feelings of inadequacy
  3. parent expectations and fear of failure
  4. fear of failure and feelings of inadequacy
  5. parent expectations and feelings of inadequacy
  1. According to the study by Coakley on youth sport burnout, which of the following were found to be characteristics of children who have burned out with sport?
  1. they viewed themselves only as athletes
  2. coaches and parents made all the important decisions with little input from the young athletes
  3. they played on a series of losing teams
  4. a and c
  5. a and b
  1. Which of the following did Orlick and McCaffrey recommend for modifying arousal-regulation strategies in children?
  1. keep strategies fun
  2. prepare multiple approaches for the same exercise
  3. use concrete physical strategies
  4. all of the above
  5. a and b
  1. Smith, Smoll, and Curtis, in Phase 2 of their study that compared an experimental group of coaches (using a positive approach) with a control group of coaches, found that players who played for experimental coaches
  1. rated their coaches as better teachers
  2. liked their teammates and coaches more
  3. exhibited lower levels of trait anxiety
  4. all of the above a and b
  1. Which of the following is NOT a coaching guideline put forth by Smoll and Smith (1980) and Weiss (1991)?
  1. catch kids doing things right
  2. reward outcome more than effort
  3. develop realistic expectations
  4. modify skills and activities for appropriate developmental levels
  5. employ a positive “sandwich” approach to error correction
  1. According to the code of ethics developed by the American Sport Education Program, which of the following is NOT part of a sport parent’s responsibility?
  1. help your child set realistic performance goals
  2. keep winning in perspective
  3. discipline your child appropriately when necessary
  4. act as a coach as well as a parent if you know the sport
  5. make sure the coach is qualified to guide your child through the sport experience
  1. A rule in youth sports might state that everyone must play in the game. However, one coach plays only certain players (low ability) for a couple of minutes each game, so they have a better chance of winning. This action violates the concept of
  1. fair play
  2. sportspersonship
  3. character development
  4. developmental appropriateness
  5. character formation
  1. The definition of sportspersonship put forth by Shields and Bredemeier emphasizes which of these statements?
  1. ethical standards will take precedence over strategic gain when these are in conflict
  2. treat others as you would like them to treat you
  3. have respect for other players, coaches, and officials
  4. appropriate moral development is different for different ages
  5. sportspersonship is an individualized concept
  1. The belief that an athlete will do the right thing when faced with a moral dilema refers to
  1. integrity
  2. fairness
  3. compassion
  4. morality
  5. honesty
  1. The decision process whereby the rightness or wrongness of a course of action is determined is the definition of
  1. moral development
  2. moral behavior
  3. moral learning
  4. moral reasoning
  5. none of the above

19. Which of the following is (are) NOT part of social learning?

  1. modeling
  2. reinforcement
  3. social comparison
  4. attributions
  5. c and d

20. Geibenk and McKenzie studied the use of social learning in a physical education

setting, finding that

  1. the use of modeling and reinforcement reduced the unsportsmanlike behaviors of fifth-grade boys.
  2. the use of social comparison reduced unsportsmanlike behavior of high school wrestlers.
  3. the use of modeling was not effective in reducing unsprotsanlike behaviors of high school football players.
  4. the use of rewards was effective in increasing sportsmanlike behaviors in female elite gymnasts.
  5. none of the above
  1. According to the levels of moral reasoning, the highest level (level 5) is characterized by
  1. following external rules and regulations
  2. treating others as you would like to be treated
  3. what is best for all involved
  4. external control
  5. an eye-for-an-eye orientation
  1. At what stage of moral development is an athlete who takes illegal performance-enhancing drugs and defends his or her actions by the premise that it is OK because everyone does?
  1. external control
  2. eye for an eye
  3. treat others as you want them to treat you
  4. following external rules
  5. what is best for all involved

23. Research indicates that participation in sport

  1. increases moral development
  2. decreases moral development
  3. does not necessarily increase or decrease moral development
  4. increases moral development for elite athletes
  5. increases moral development for individual sport athletes

24. In a field study of moral development Romance, Weiss, and Bockoven found that fifth-grade children who were

given training on moral development later demonstrated significantly greater moral reasoning gains that

control children in

  1. everyday life situations only
  2. in sport situations only
  3. in both sport and everyday life situations
  4. in competitive situations only
  5. none of the above
  1. Which of the following strategies is (are) useful for enhancing moral development and sportsmanship?
  1. discuss moral dilemmas
  2. model appropriate behaviors
  3. reward sportspersonlike behaviors and punish unsportsmanlike behaviors.
  4. all of the above.
  1. Which of the following statements is (are) FALSE?
  1. You should define sportmanship in very general terms.
  2. Rationales explaining your definition of sportsmanship should be regularly conveyed to participants.
  3. Role taking should be especially emphasized around ages seven to eight years.
  4. A and c
  5. A and b
  1. Which of the following statements is (are) FALSE?
  1. Developing sportsmanship through competitive sport involvement automatically transfers to nonphysical activity.
  2. Physical educators and coaches should be teaching basic values like honesty and empathy to participants.
  3. Physical educators and coaches should teach religious values to help build moral development.
  4. a and c
  5. b and c

28. Which of the following statements is (are) true?

  1. Participants in organized sport are less likely than nonparticipants to engage in delinquent behavior.
  2. Participants in organized sport are more likely than nonparticipants to engage in delinquent behavior.
  3. Participation in competitive sport has no relationship to delinquent behavior.
  4. Participation in organized sport only reduces delinquent behavior for middle-and upper-middle-class youths.
  5. a and d

29. It has been proposed that sport participation can serve as an alternative to gang

behavior by providing.

  1. social support
  2. exposure to positive role models
  3. increased self-esteem
  4. all of the above
  5. a and b
  1. Character development is most facilitated by building a
  1. task-oriented climate
  2. ego-oriented climate
  3. competitive climate
  4. high-performance climate
  5. relationship-oriented climate