Joan of Arc

La Pucelle - 1

Special Subject (Autumn 2008)

Jeanne d’Arc

Dr. Craig Taylor

Department of History,

University of York

Introduction

Joan of Arc was born in 1412 and grew up during a time of civil war and invasion. At the age of just seventeen, she rode into battle to unite France against English domination in the Hundred Years War and in 1431, aged only nineteen, she was put on trial for heresy and sorcery by an ecclesiastical court of the Inquisition and was burned at the stake. Her story represents a virtually unique confluence of some of the key themes of medieval history: Joan had an extraordinary impact upon the military and political situation in both fifteenth-century France and England, arguably turning the tide of the Hundred Years War in favour of Charles VII. The fact that she achieved all of this as a mere peasant girl amplifies the magnitude of her achievements but also opens up other ways of looking at her story: her trial for heresy provides an important window into contemporary attitudes towards religion and gender, as Joan was effectively persecuted by the established Church for her supposedly non-conformist views on spirituality and the role of women. This special subject will open up this wide-ranging story to students, enabling them to investigate the life and contemporary reputation of Joan of Arc within a contextual and critical framework.

Preliminary reading

To prepare for this course, I would recommend looking at some of the following items of secondary reading:

·  Allmand, C.T. The Hundred Years War. Revised edition, Cambridge, 2001.

·  DeVries, K. Joan of Arc. A military leader. Stroud, 1999.

·  Pernoud, Régine and Marie-Véronique Clin. Joan of Arc: her story. New York, 1998.

·  Pernoud, Régine. Joan of Arc by herself and her witnesses. New York, 1968.

·  Vale, M.G.A. Charles VII. London, 1974. (background on the reign of Charles VII)

·  Warner, Marina. Joan of Arc: the image of female heroism. London, 1981.

In addition, all students will need a copy of the sourcebook for the special subject, Joan of Arc, La Pucelle. Ed. and trans. Craig Taylor. Manchester, 2006. ISBN 0719068479.

Teaching Programme:

The course will be taught by two 2 hour seminars per week over nine weeks.

In the first two weeks of the course, we will set the stage by exploring the historical and political context for the story of Joan of Arc, reviewing the most famous biographies, and considering contemporary views of heresy and gender.

In the remainder of the course, we will turn to the primary sources themselves, reading them in chronological order. We start with contemporary letters, chronicles and literature, and then move on the extensive trial records in order to understand the inquisitorial strategies employed to attack and then defend Joan of Arc, evaluating the value of these records for historians. Student will take it in turns to lead discussion of particular sources.

Week / Seminar one / Seminar two
2.  / Military and political background / Historians & Joan of Arc
3.  / Visionaries and heretics / Heresy and Inquisition
4.  / Debating Joan, 1429-1431 / Debating Joan, 1429-1431
5.  / Rouen Trial interrogations / Rouen trial interrogations
6.  / Rouen Trial interrogations / Rouen trial charges
7.  / Rouen trial judgements / Debating Joan, 1431-1450
8.  / Debating Joan, 1431-1450 / Preliminary Nullification inquiries
9.  / Nullification trial / Nullification trial
10.  / Nullification trial / The legacy of Joan

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIOGRAPHIES OF JOAN OF ARC 5

HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL CONTEXT 6

Joan’s military career 7

SPIRITUALITY, GENDER AND HERESY 8

Heresy and Inquisition 8

General studies of Joan of Arc 9

Virginity and maidenhood 9

Visionaries, holy women and saints 10

Prophecy 11

Clothing and weapons 11

Witchcraft and popular religion 11

Miscellaneous 12

CONTEMPORARY COMMENTATORS ON JOAN OF ARC 13

French writings 13

Tracts attributed to Jean Gerson 13

Christine de Pizan 13

Alain Chartier 14

Martin Le Franc 14

Chroniclers 14

International opinion 15

THE TRIALS OF JOAN 16

The Rouen Trial 16

The Nullification trial 17

BIOGRAPHIES OF JOAN OF ARC

Beaune, Colette. Jeanne d’Arc. Paris, 2004.

Gies, Frances. Joan of Arc: the legend and the reality. New York, 1981.

Lea, H.C. ‘Political heresy utilized by the state: Joan of Arc’ The history of the Inqusition of the middle ages. 3 volumes. London, 1887, reprinted 1958. III, 338-78.

Lightbody, Charles Wayland. The judgements of Joan. Joan of Arc, a study in cultural history. London, 1961.

Lucie-Smith, Edward. Joan of Arc. London, 1976.

Margolis, Nadia. ‘Joan of Arc’ Cambridge companion to medieval women’s writings. Ed. Carolyn Dinshaw and David Wallace. Cambridge, 2003. 256-66.

Pernoud, Régine. Joan of Arc by herself and her witnesses. Trans. Edward Hyams. London, 1964.

Pernoud, Régine and Marie-Véronique Clin. Joan of Arc: her story. Revised and translated by Jeremy Duquesnay Adams. New York, 1998.

Richey, Stephen W. Joan of Arc, the warrior saint. Westport, CT, 2003.

Scott, W.S. Jeanne d’Arc. Her life, death and the myth. London, 1974.

Warner, Marina. Joan of Arc: the image of female heroism. London, 1981.

Wood, Charles T. Joan of Arc and Richard III: Sex, Saints and Government in the Middle Ages. Oxford, 1988. 119-51.

HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL CONTEXT

Allmand, Christopher T. The Hundred Years War. Cambridge, 1988.

Allmand, Christopher T. Lancastrian Normandy, 1415-1450: the history of a medieval occupation. Oxford, 1983.

Blockmans, Wim and Prevenier, Walter. ‘The decisive years, 1425-1440’ Promised lands. The Low Countries under Burgundian ruile, 1369-1530. Philadelphia, 1999. Chapter 4.

Butler, Raymond Reagan. Is Paris lost? The English occupation, 1422-1436. Staplehurst, 2003.

Curry, Anne. ‘The ‘Coronation expedition’ and Henry VI’s court in France, 1430 to 1432’ The Lancastrian court. Proceedings of the 2001 Harlaxton symposium. Ed. Jenny Stratford. Donington, 2003. 29-52.

Curry, Anne. ‘The ‘Coronation expedition’ and Henry VI’s court in France, 1430 to 1432’ The Lancastrian court. Proceedings of the 2001 Harlaxton symposium. Ed. Jenny Stratford. Donington, 2003. 29-52.

Curry, Anne. ‘The first English standing army? Military organisation in Lancastrian Normandy, 1420-1450’ Patronage, pedigree and power in later medieval England. Ed. C.D. Ross. Gloucester, 1979. 193-214.

Curry, Anne. ‘The nationality of men-at-arms serving in English armies in Normandy and the pays de conquête, 1415-1450: a preliminary study’ Reading medieval studies, 18 (1992). 135-63.

Curry, Anne. The Hundred Years War. Revised edition, Basingstoke, 2003.

Famiglietti, Richard C. Royal intrigue: crisis at the court of Charles VI, 1392-1420. New York, 1986.

Harriss, G.L. Cardinal Beaufort. A study of Lancastrian ascendancy and decline. Oxford, 1988.

Harriss, Gerald. ‘The English in France, 1413-1453’ Shaping the nation. England, 1360-1461. Oxford, 2005. 540-87.

Housley, Norman. ‘Pro deo et patria mori: sanctified patriotism in Europe, 1400-1600’ War and competition between states. Ed. P. Contamine. Oxford, 2000. 221-48.

Housley, Norman. Religious warfare in Europe, 1400-1536. Oxford, 2002.

Jones, M.K. ‘’Gardez mon corps, sauvez ma terre’. Immunity from war and the lands of a captive knight: the siege of Orléans (1428-1429) revisited’ Charles d’Orléans in England (1415-1440). Ed. Mary-Jo Arn. Cambridge, 2000. 9-26.

Lewis, P.S. Essays in later medieval French history. London, 1985.

Lewis, P.S. Later medieval France: the polity. London, 1968.

Little, Roger G. ‘The Parlement, the seige of Orléans and Joan of Arc (c. 1429-1431)’ The Parlement of Poitiers: war, government and politics in France, 1418-1436. London, 1984. 90-123.

Perroy, Edouard. The Hundred Years War. Trans. W.B. Wells. London, 1951. Parts IV and V (esp. pp. 282-9).

Pollard, A.J. John Talbot and the war in France, 1427-1453. London, 1983.

Thompson, Guy Llewelyn. Paris and its people under English rule. The Anglo-Burgundian regime 1420-1436. Oxford, 1991.

Vale, M.G.A. ‘France at the end of the Hundred Years War (c.1420-1461)’ The new Cambridge medieval history, VII: c.1415-c.1500. Ed. C.T. Allmand. Cambridge, 1998. 392-407.

Vale, M.G.A. ‘The King and Joan of Arc, 1429-1456’ Charles VII. London, 1974. Chapter 3.

Vaughan, Richard. Philip the Good. The apogée of the Burgundian state. Harlow, 1970.

Vaughan, Richard. Valois Burgundy. London, 1975.

Verger, Jacques. ‘The University of Paris at the end of the Hundred Years War’ Universities in poltics: case studies from the late middle ages and early modern periods. Ed. J.W. Baldwin and R. Goldthwaithe. Baltimore, 1972. 47-78.

Warner, Mark. ‘The Anglo-French dual monarchy and the house of Burgundy, 1420-1435: the survival of an alliance’ French history, 11 (1997). 103-30.

Joan’s military career

DeVries, Kelly. ‘The use of gunpowder weaponry by and against Joan of Arc during the Hundred Years War’ War and society, 14 (1996). 1-15. Reprinted in Guns and men in medieval Europe, 1200-1500: studies in military history and technology. Aldershot, 2002.

DeVries, Kelly. Joan of Arc. A military leader. Stroud, 1999.

DeVries, Kelly. ‘A woman as leader of men: Joan of Arc’s military career’ Fresh verdicts on Joan of Arc. Ed. B. Wheeler and C.T. Wood. New York, 1996. 3-18. Reprinted in Guns and men in medieval Europe, 1200-1500: studies in military history and technology. Aldershot, 2002. Chapter 6.

DeVries, Kelly. ‘Joan of Arc’s call to crusade’ Joan of Arc and spirituality. Ed. Ann W. Astell and Bonnie Wheeler. Basingstoke, 2003. 111-26.

DeVries, Kelly. ‘Teenagers at war during the middle ages’ The premodern teenager. Youth in society, 1150-1650. Ed. Konrad Eisenbichler. Toronto, 2002. 207-23.

Fraikin, J. ‘Was Joan of Arc a “sign” of Charles VII’s innocence?’ Fresh verdicts on Joan of Arc. Ed. B. Wheeler and C.T. Wood. New York, 1996. 61-72. [not very clear!!]

Jones, M.K. ‘’Gardez mon corps, sauvez ma terre’. Immunity from war and the lands of a captive knight: the siege of Orléans (1428-1429) revisited’ Charles d’Orléans in England (1415-1440). Ed. Mary-Jo Arn. Cambridge, 2000. 9-26.

Le Goff, Jacques. ‘Reims, city of coronation’ Realms of memory: the construction of the French past. III: Symbols. Ed. Pierre Nora and trans. Arthur Goldhammer. New York, 1996-8. III, 193-252. [translation of ‘Reims, ville sacre’ Les lieux de mémoire. II, La Nation. Ed. Pierre Nora. Paris, 1986. 89-194]

Little, Roger G. ‘The Parlement, the seige of Orléans and Joan of Arc (c. 1429-1431)’ The Parlement of Poitiers: war, government and politics in France, 1418-1436. London, 1984. 90-123.

Nicolle, David. Orléans 1429. France turns the tide. Oxford, 2001.

Pernoud, Régine and Marie-Véronique Clin. Joan of Arc: her story. Revised and translated by Jeremy Duquesnay Adams. New York, 1998.

Pinzino, Jane Marie. ‘Just war, Joan of Arc and the politics of salvation’ The Hundred Years War: a wider focus. Ed. Andrew J. Villalon and Donald Kagay. Leiden, 2005. 365-96.

Pollard, A.J. John Talbot and the war in France, 1427-1453. London, 1983. Chapters 1-2.

Thompson, Guy Llewelyn. ‘Defence and security’ Paris and its people under English rule. The Anglo-Burgundian regime 1420-1436. Oxford, 1991. Chapter 4.

Vauchez, André. ‘Joan of Arc and female prophecy in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries’ Laity in the middle ages. Religious beliefs and devotional practices. Ed. D.E. Bornstein and trans. M.J. Schneider. Nortre Dame, IN, 1993. 255-64.

Wood, C.T. ‘Joan of Arc’s mission and the lost record of her interrogation at Poitiers’ Fresh verdicts on Joan of Arc. Ed. B. Wheeler and C.T. Wood. New York, 1996. 19-30.

SPIRITUALITY, GENDER AND HERESY

Heresy and Inquisition

Arnold, John. Inquisition and power: Catharism and the confessing subject in Medieval Languedoc. Philadelphia, 2001.

Arnold, John H. Belief and unbelief in medieval Europe. London, 2005.

Aston, M. ‘Lollardy and sedition, 1381-1431’ Lollards and reformers: images and literacy in late medieval religion. London, 1984. 1-47.

Bartlett, Robert. The hanged man. A story of miracle, memory and colonialism in the middle ages. Princeton, 2004.

Biller, Peter. ‘Through a glass darkly: seeing medieval heresy’ The medieval world. Ed. Peter Linehan and Janet L. Nelson. London, 2001. 308-26.

Elliott, Dyan. Proving woman. Female spirituality and Inquisitional culture in the later middle ages. Princeton, 2004.

Forrest, Ian. The detection of heresy in late medieval England. Oxford, 2005.

Friedlander, Alan. The Hammer of the Inquisitors. Brother Bernard Délicieux and the struggle against the Inquisition in fourteenth-century France. Turnhout, 2000.

Hamilton, Bernard. The medieval inquisition. New York, 1981.

Justice, Steven. ‘Lollardy’ Cambridge history of medieval English literature. Ed. D. Wallace. Cambridge, 1999. 662-89.

Kieckhefer, Richard. ‘The office of inquisitor and medieval heresy: the transition from a personal to an institutional jurisdiction’ Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 46 (1995). 36-91.

Klassen, John. ‘Hus, the Hussites and Bohemia’ The new Cambridge medieval history, VII: c.1415-c.1500. Ed. C.T. Allmand. Cambridge, 1998. 367-391.

Lambert, M. Medieval heresy: popular movements from the Gregorian reform to the Reformation. 3rd edition, Oxford, 2002.

Lea, H.C. The Inquisition of the middle ages: its organization and operation. London, 1963. [reprint of chapters 7-14 of The history of the Inqusition of the middle ages. Volume I.]

Rex, Richard. The Lollards. Basingstoke, 1999.

Barber, Malcolm. The Cathars: Dualist heretics in Languedoc in the high middle ages. Harlow, 2000.

Biller, Peter. The Waldenses, 1170-1530: between a religious order and a church. Aldershot, 2000.

Biller, Peter. ‘The earliest Heretical Englishwomen’ Medieval women: texts and contexts in late medieval Britain. Essays for Felicity Riddy. Ed. Jocelyn Wogan-Browne et.al. Turnhout, 2000. 363-76.

Brundage, M. Medieval Canon Law. London, 1995.

Given, James B. Inquisition and medieval society: power, discipline and resistance in Languedoc. Ithaca, N.Y, 1997.

Hamilton, Bernard. The Medieval Inquisition. London, 1981.

Leff, Gordon. Heresy in the later middle ages. The relation of heterodoxy to dissent, c.1250-c.1450. 2 vols. Manchester, 1967.

Lerner, R. The heresy of the free spirit in the later middle ages, Berkeley, 1972.

Patschovsky, A. ‘Heresy and society. On the political function of heresy in the medieval world’ Texts and the repression of medieval heresy. Ed. Peter Biller and Caterina Bruschi. Woodbridge, 2002. 23-41.

Wakefield, W.L. Heresy, Crusade and Inquisition in Southern France 1100-1250. London, 1974.

Wakefield, W.L. ‘Some unorthodox popular ideas of the thirteenth century’ Medievalia et Humanistica, new series 4 (1973). 23-35.

General studies of Joan of Arc

Barstow, A.L. Joan of Arc: heretic, mystic, shaman. Lewiston, 1986.