Supplementary tables
Supplementary table 1: characteristics of participants included and excluded from the analysis.
Included / Excluded / p-valueN / 4289 / 775
Women (%) / 2274 (53.0) / 433 (55.9) / 0.14
Age (years) / 57.6 ± 10.5 / 58.9 ± 10.8 / <0.001
Age groups
[40-45[ / 1243 (29.0) / 188 (24.3)
[50-60[ / 1300 (30.3) / 242 (31.2) / 0.005
[60-70[ / 1146 (26.7) / 205 (26.5)
[70+ / 600 (14) / 140 (18.1)
Marital status
Alone / 1783 (41.6) / 419 (54.1) / <0.001
In couple / 2506 (58.4) / 356 (45.9)
Educations
High / 961 (22.4) / 118 (15.3)
Middle / 1146 (26.7) / 160 (20.8) / <0.001
Low / 2182 (50.9) / 492 (63.9)
Smoking
Never / 1774 (41.4) / 261 (36.4)
Former / 1644 (38.3) / 239 (33.3) / <0.001
Current / 871 (20.3) / 218 (30.4)
History of CVD / 227 (5.3) / 56 (7.2) / 0.03
BMI (kg/m2) / 26.1 ± 4.5 / 27.0 ± 5.0 / <0.001
BMI categories
Normal / 1914 (44.6) / 266 (37.5)
Overweight / 1673 (39.0) / 287 (40.4) / <0.001
Obese / 702 (16.4) / 157 (22.1)
Status
Not diagnosed / 2919 (68.1) / 503 (64.9)
Diagnosed, no diet / 917 (21.4) / 203 (26.2) / 0.008
Diagnosed, diet / 453 (10.6) / 69 (8.9)
Results are expressed as number of subjects and (column percentage). BMI, body mass index; CVD; cardiovascular disease. Statistical analysis by chi-square or analysis of variance.
Supplementary table 2: food consumption according to reported diagnosis and dietary management of diabetes, women.
No diabetes / Self reported diabetes / P-valueNot on diet / On diet / Unadj. / Adj. §
N / 2190 / 38 / 46
Foods
Fruits / day / 2.4 ± 1.9 / 2.3 ± 2.1 / 2.7 ± 2.4 / 0.58 / 0.73
Vegetables / day / 1.6 ± 1.1 / 1.6 ± 1.1 / 1.9 ± 1.5 / 0.29 / 0.22
Dairy products / day / 1.4 ± 1.2 / 1.5 ± 1.1 / 1.5 ± 1.2 / 0.75 / 0.74
Bread & cereals / day / 1.6 ± 1.0 / 1.5 ± 0.9 / 1.9 ± 1.0 / 0.06 / 0.10
Pastries / day / 0.9 ± 0.8 / 0.8 ± 0.6 / 1.0 ± 1.0 / 0.40 / 0.34
Meat / week / 4.4 ± 2.9 / 4.7 ± 2.1 / 5.0 ± 3.4 / 0.34 / 0.36
Fish †/ week / 1.7 ± 1.7 / 1.8 ± 1.2 / 1.6 ± 1.0 / 0.91 / 0.87
Fresh fish / week / 1.1 ± 1.0 / 1.2 ± 0.9 / 1.1 ± 0.8 / 0.68 / 0.73
Compliance ‡ / 2.0 ± 1.0 / 1.9 ± 1.1 / 2.0 ± 0.9 / 0.75 / 0.62
Compliance ¶ / 1.8 ± 1.0 / 1.8 ± 1.1 / 1.8 ± 1.0 / 0.96 / 0.97
Energy and nutrients
Kcalories, w/alcohol / 1704 ± 553 / 1635 ± 484 / 1695 ± 564 / 0.74 / 0.83
Kcalories, wo/alcohol / 1655 ± 547 / 1590 ± 476 / 1674 ± 565 / 0.74 / 0.75
Total protein (%E) / 15.8 ± 3.4 / 17.0 ± 4.5 / 15.8 ± 2.8 / 0.07 / 0.12
Animal (%E) / 10.9 ± 3.8 / 12.3 ± 5.4 / 10.7 ± 3.0 / 0.09 / 0.12
Total carbohydrate (%E) / 48.5 ± 8.6 / 46.9 ± 11.0 / 50.2 ± 7.7 / 0.20 / 0.31
Simple (%E) / 25.4 ± 8.7 / 24.1 ± 9.9 / 25.2 ± 8.1 / 0.64 / 0.39
Total fat (%E) / 35.7 ± 7.3 / 36.1 ± 8.3 / 34.0 ± 6.3 / 0.26 / 0.54
SFA (%E) / 12.8 ± 3.5 / 13.1 ± 3.7 / 12.3 ± 2.8 / 0.50 / 0.64
MUFA (%E) / 14.6 ± 4.0 / 14.6 ± 4.3 / 13.5 ± 3.5 / 0.22 / 0.61
PUFA (%E) / 5.1 ± 1.6 / 5.3 ± 1.7 / 5.1 ± 1.4 / 0.66 / 0.73
Fiber (g/day) / 16.6 ± 8.7 / 16.1 ± 7.9 / 19.4 ± 9.2 / 0.09 / 0.12
%E, as percentage of total energy intake (alcohol excluded); SFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Comparison between groups (no reported diabetes, reported diabetes no diet, reported diabetes on a diet) performed by ANOVA; the p-values reported refer to the overall test. § adjusted for age (continuous), body mass index (normal, overweight, obese), education (low, middle, high), smoking (never, former, current) and personal history of cardiovascular disease (yes/no), with post-hoc pairwise comparisons using Scheffe’s method. Values with different subscripts are significantly different at p<0.05. †, including fried and canned fish; ‡ number of dietary recommendations (Swiss society of nutrition) complied to, using any type of fish (including canned and fried). ¶ number of dietary recommendations (Swiss society of nutrition) complied to, using fresh fish only.
Supplementary table 3: food consumption according to reported diagnosis and dietary management of diabetes, men.
No diabetes / Self reported diabetes / P-valueNot on diet / On diet / Unadj. / Adj. §
N / 1800 / 110 / 105
Foods
Fruits / day / 1.7 ± 1.5 / 1.7 ± 1.3 / 1.9 ± 1.6 / 0.38 / 0.53
Vegetables / day / 1.4 ± 0.9 a / 1.4 ± 1.0 a / 1.7 ± 1.1 b / 0.005 / 0.003
Dairy products / day / 1.3 ± 1.0 / 1.5 ± 1.3 / 1.3 ± 1.4 / 0.15 / 0.14
Bread & cereals / day / 1.5 ± 1.0 / 1.6 ± 0.9 / 1.6 ± 1.0 / 0.56 / 0.87
Pastries / day / 1.0 ± 0.8 / 0.9 ± 0.8 / 0.9 ± 0.8 / 0.58 / 0.69
Meat / week / 5.2 ± 2.8 / 5.7 ± 3.4 / 5.8 ± 3.6 / 0.04 / 0.01
Fish †/ week / 1.6 ± 1.2 / 1.6 ± 1.2 / 1.7 ± 1.3 / 0.75 / 0.24
Fresh fish / week / 1.0 ± 0.8 / 0.9 ± 0.9 / 0.9 ± 0.8 / 0.59 / 0.73
Compliance ‡ / 1.7 ± 0.9 / 1.7 ± 0.9 / 1.7 ± 0.9 / 0.75 / 0.91
Compliance ¶ / 1.4 ± 0.9 / 1.4 ± 1.0 / 1.4 ± 1.0 / 0.92 / 0.91
Energy and nutrients
Kcalories, w/alcohol / 2066 ± 664 / 2076 ± 722 / 2002 ± 677 / 0.62 / 0.91
Kcalories, wo/alcohol / 1947 ± 647 / 1936 ± 694 / 1897 ± 665 / 0.73 / 0.94
Total protein (%E) / 16.3 ± 3.2 / 16.7 ± 3.4 / 16.8 ± 3.6 / 0.16 / 0.07
Animal (%E) / 11.5 ± 3.7 / 11.9 ± 3.8 / 11.7 ± 4.0 / 0.54 / 0.38
Total carbohydrate (%E) / 47.6 ± 8.1 / 47.0 ± 8.3 / 46.2 ± 8.1 / 0.20 / 0.21
Simple (%E) / 21.2 ± 7.5 a / 20.7 ± 8.1 a, b / 19.1 ± 7.1 b / 0.002 / 0.007
Total fat (%E) / 36.2 ± 6.8 / 36.3 ± 7.1 / 37.1 ± 7.3 / 0.42 / 0.50
SFA (%E) / 13.9 ± 3.5 / 14.3 ± 3.9 / 13.9 ± 3.6 / 0.49 / 0.78
MUFA (%E) / 14.2 ± 3.4 / 13.9 ± 3.3 / 14.5 ± 3.6 / 0.50 / 0.45
PUFA (%E) / 5.1 ± 1.6 a / 5.2 ± 1.5 a, b / 5.7 ± 2.4 b / 0.003 / 0.02
Fibre (g/day) / 16.0 ± 8.7 a, b / 15.9 ± 7.6 a / 18.6 ± 9.9 b / 0.01 / 0.01
%E, as percentage of total energy intake (alcohol excluded); SFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Comparison between groups (no reported diabetes, reported diabetes no diet, reported diabetes on a diet) performed by ANOVA; the p-values reported refer to the overall test. § adjusted for age (continuous), body mass index (normal, overweight, obese), education (low, middle, high), smoking (never, former, current) and personal history of cardiovascular disease (yes/no), with post-hoc pairwise comparisons using Scheffe’s method. Values with different subscripts are significantly different at p<0.05. †, including fried and canned fish; ‡ number of dietary recommendations (Swiss society of nutrition) complied to, using any type of fish (including canned and fried). ¶ number of dietary recommendations (Swiss society of nutrition) complied to, using fresh fish only.
Supplementary table 4: consumption of specific foods according to reported diagnosis and dietary management of diabetes, by gender.
No diabetes / Self reported diabetes / P-valueNot on diet / On diet / Unadj. / Adj. §
Women, N / 2190 / 38 / 46
Chocolate bread / 0.1 ± 0.2 a / 0.1 ± 0.3 a, b / 0.2 ± 0.4 b / 0.006 / 0.004
Chocolate / 0.4 ± 0.5 / 0.3 ± 0.3 / 0.4 ± 0.4 / 0.23 / 0.37
Honey, jam / 0.5 ± 0.5 / 0.4 ± 0.4 / 0.6 ± 0.5 / 0.11 / 0.08
Artificial sweeteners / 0.3 ± 0.8 a / 0.5 ± 0.8 a, b / 0.7 ± 1.0 b / 0.003 / 0.04
Sugar / 0.5 ± 0.8 / 0.3 ± 0.6 / 0.2 ± 0.4 / 0.002 / 0.07
Men, N / 1800 / 110 / 105
Chocolate bread / 0.1 ± 0.3 / 0.1 ± 0.2 / 0.1 ± 0.3 / 0.98 / 0.79
Chocolate / 0.4 ± 0.5 / 0.4 ± 0.5 / 0.3 ± 0.5 / 0.66 / 0.75
Honey, jam / 0.4 ± 0.5 / 0.4 ± 0.4 / 0.4 ± 0.4 / 0.17 / 0.04
Artificial sweeteners / 0.2 ± 0.6 a / 0.4 ± 0.8 a / 0.9 ± 1.0 b / <0.001 / <0.001
Sugar / 0.8 ± 1.0 a / 0.4 ± 0.7 a,b / 0.2 ± 0.5 b / <0.001 / <0.001
Results are expressed in number of times (consumption occasions) per day and as mean ± standard deviation. Comparison between groups (no reported diabetes, reported diabetes no diet, reported diabetes on a diet) performed by ANOVA; the p-values reported refer to the overall test. § adjusted for gender, age (continuous), body mass index (normal, overweight, obese), education (low, middle, high), smoking (never, former, current) and personal history of cardiovascular disease (yes/no) with post-hoc pairwise comparisons using Scheffe’s method. Values with different subscripts are significantly different at p<0.05.
Supplementary table 5: compliance to dietary recommendations according to reported diagnosis and dietary management of diabetes, by gender.
No diabetes / Self reported diabetesNot on diet / On diet
Women
Fruits ≥2/day / 1 (ref.) / 0.90 (0.47 - 1.74) / 1.04 (0.57 - 1.90)
Vegetables ≥3/day / 1 (ref.) / 1.45 (0.55 - 3.82) / 1.59 (0.65 - 3.88)
Dairy products ≥3/day / 1 (ref.) / 1.16 (0.40 - 3.34) / 1.48 (0.61 - 3.62)
Meat ≤5/week / 1 (ref.) / 0.68 (0.35 - 1.32) / 0.50 (0.27 - 0.91) *
Fish ≥1/week ‡ / 1 (ref.) / 0.70 (0.36 - 1.36) / 1.06 (0.56 - 2.03)
Fish ≥1/week ¶ / 1 (ref.) / 1.29 (0.67 - 2.47) / 1.15 (0.63 - 2.10)
At least 3 recommendations ‡ / 1 (ref.) / 0.64 (0.30 - 1.37) / 0.72 (0.36 - 1.42)
At least 3 recommendations ¶ / 1 (ref.) / 0.81 (0.37 - 1.81) / 0.86 (0.42 - 1.78)
Men
Fruits ≥2/day / 1 (ref.) / 1.05 (0.70 - 1.58) / 1.14 (0.75 - 1.74)
Vegetables ≥3/day / 1 (ref.) / 1.08 (0.45 - 2.59) / 1.87 (0.91 - 3.86)
Dairy products ≥3/day / 1 (ref.) / 1.81 (0.99 - 3.32) / 0.76 (0.32 - 1.81)
Meat ≤5/week / 1 (ref.) / 0.78 (0.53 - 1.16) / 0.76 (0.50 - 1.14)
Fish ≥1/week ‡ / 1 (ref.) / 1.10 (0.72 - 1.67) / 1.22 (0.78 - 1.90)
Fish ≥1/week ¶ / 1 (ref.) / 1.12 (0.74 - 1.72) / 1.19 (0.77 - 1.84)
At least 3 recommendations ‡ / 1 (ref.) / 1.33 (0.82 - 2.16) / 1.02 (0.60 - 1.74)
At least 3 recommendations ¶ / 1 (ref.) / 1.15 (0.63 - 2.09) / 0.73 (0.36 - 1.51)
Results are expressed as multivariate adjusted odds ratio and (95% confidence interval). Statistical analysis by logistic regression adjusting on gender, age ([40-50[, [50-60[, [60-70[ and [70+), body mass index (normal, overweight, obese), education (low, middle, high), smoking (never, former, current) and personal history of cardiovascular disease (yes/no). ‡ including canned and fried fish; ¶ fresh fish only. *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01; ***, p<0.001.
For reviewing purposes. To be kept or deleted according to the reviewer’s and editor’s decision
Supplementary table 6: food consumption according to reported diagnosis and dietary management of diabetes, all participants.
No diabetes / Self reported diabetes / P-valueNot on diet / On diet / Unadj. / Adj. §
N / 4228 / 164 / 164
Foods
Fruits / day / 2.0 ± 1.8 / 1.9 ± 1.8 / 2.0 ± 1.9 / 0.63 / 0.87
Vegetables / day / 1.5 ± 1.0 a / 1.5 ± 1.2 a, b / 1.7 ± 1.2 b / 0.09 / 0.006
Dairy products / day / 1.4 ± 1.1 / 1.5 ± 1.4 / 1.3 ± 1.3 / 0.12 / 0.08
Bread & cereals / day / 1.5 ± 1.0 / 1.6 ± 1.0 / 1.6 ± 1.0 / 0.42 / 0.73
Pastries / day / 0.9 ± 0.8 / 0.9 ± 0.7 / 0.9 ± 0.8 / 0.57 / 0.85
Meat / week / 4.8 ± 4.7 / 5.4 ± 3.9 / 5.4 ± 3.6 / 0.09 / 0.37
Fish †/ week / 1.6 ± 1.6 / 1.6 ± 1.2 / 1.6 ± 1.2 / 0.88 / 0.98
Fresh fish / week / 1.0 ± 1.0 / 0.9 ± 0.9 / 0.9 ± 0.8 / 0.09 / 0.95
Compliance ‡ / 1.9 ± 1.0 / 1.8 ± 1.0 / 1.8 ± 0.9 / 0.35 / 0.85
Compliance ¶ / 1.6 ± 1.0 / 1.5 ± 1.0 / 1.5 ± 1.0 / 0.22 / 0.79
Energy and nutrients
Kcalories, w/alcohol / 1827 ± 723 / 1956 ± 906 / 1816 ± 713 / 0.08 / 0.26
Kcalories, wo/alcohol / 1748 ± 705 / 1841 ± 876 / 1734 ± 701 / 0.24 / 0.44
Total protein (%E) / 16.1 ± 3.5 / 16.6 ± 3.7 / 16.6 ± 3.6 / 0.06 / 0.16
Animal (%E) / 11.3 ± 3.9 / 11.7 ± 4.1 / 11.5 ± 3.9 / 0.34 / 0.65
Total carbohydrate (%E) / 47.9 ± 8.5 / 47.2 ± 8.9 / 47.2 ± 8.2 / 0.40 / 0.52
Simple (%E) / 23.4 ± 8.5 a / 21.7 ± 8.9 a, b / 20.9 ± 7.8 b / <0.001 / 0.006
Total fat (%E) / 36.0 ± 7.1 / 36.2 ± 7.6 / 36.2 ± 7.3 / 0.91 / 0.88
SFA (%E) / 13.4 ± 3.6 / 13.9 ± 4.0 / 13.3 ± 3.4 / 0.19 / 0.46
MUFA (%E) / 14.4 ± 3.8 / 14.1 ± 3.7 / 14.3 ± 3.9 / 0.57 / 0.71
PUFA (%E) / 5.1 ± 1.6 a / 5.2 ± 1.6 a, b / 5.6 ± 2.1 b / 0.003 / 0.02
Fibre (g/d) / 15.9 ± 9.0 a, b / 16.2 ± 9.9 a / 17.8 ± 10.0 b / 0.03 / 0.02
%E, as percentage of total energy intake (alcohol excluded); SFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids. Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Comparison between groups (no reported diabetes, reported diabetes no diet, reported diabetes on a diet) performed by ANOVA; the p-values reported refer to the overall test. § adjusted for gender, age (continuous), body mass index (normal, overweight, obese), education (low, middle, high), smoking (never, former, current) and personal history of cardiovascular disease (yes/no) with post-hoc pairwise comparisons using Scheffe’s method. Values with different subscripts are significantly different at p<0.05. †, including fried and canned fish; ‡ number of dietary recommendations (Swiss society of nutrition) complied to, using any type of fish (including canned and fried). ¶ number of dietary recommendations (Swiss society of nutrition) complied to, using fresh fish only.
Supplementary table 7: consumption of specific foods according to reported diagnosis and dietary management of diabetes, all participants.
No diabetes / Self reported diabetes / P-valueNot on diet / On diet / Unadj. / Adj. §
N / 4228 / 164 / 164
Chocolate bread / 0.1 ± 0.2 / 0.1 ± 0.2 / 0.1 ± 0.3 / 0.07 / 0.12
Chocolate / 0.4 ± 0.5 / 0.3 ± 0.5 / 0.3 ± 0.5 / 0.06 / 0.35
Honey, jam / 0.5 ± 0.5 a / 0.4 ± 0.4 b / 0.4 ± 0.4 a, b / 0.01 / 0.004
Artificial sweeteners / 0.3 ± 0.7 a / 0.4 ± 0.8 b / 0.8 ± 1.0 b / <0.001 / <0.001