Structural levels of organization:

n  body has many levels of organization

n  simplest level is the chemical level (study on your own in ch.2)

n  Atoms

o  Tiny building blocks come together to form

n  molecules

o  come together to form

n  cells

o  smallest unit of living things

o  basic structure of all living things

cellular level examined in chapter 3.

n  tissues

o  groups of similar cells with common function

o  4 basic types

o  come together to make up…

n  organs

o  complex functions become possible

n  organ system

o  group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose

n  organism

o  made up of 11 systems

o  highest level of structural organization

Principal systems:

1.  integumentary

  1. skin
  2. waterproofs the body
  3. cushions and protects
  4. excretes salts and urea in perspiration
  5. helps to regulate body temperature
  6. receptors
  7. pain
  8. pressure
  9. temperature

2.  Skeletal

  1. Bones, cartilage, ligaments and joints
  2. Supports the body and provides a framework for skeletal muscles to do work.
  3. has a protective function
  4. skull
  5. hematopoiesis
  6. formation of blood cells
  7. storage of minerals

3.  Muscular

  1. Have one function…to contract (shorten)
  2. Types
  3. skeletal
  4. cardiac
  5. smooth

4.  Nervous

  1. Body’s fast acting control system
  2. Cosists of:
  3. Spinal cord
  4. Brain
  5. Nerves
  6. Sensory receptors

5.  Endocrine

  1. Body’s slow acting control system
  2. Produces chemical molecules called hormones
  3. Released into blood
  4. Travel to distant organs
  5. made up of:
  6. pituitary gland
  7. throid gland
  8. parathyroid glands
  9. adrenal glands
  10. thymus
  11. pancreas
  12. pineal
  13. ovaries (female)
  14. testes (male)

6.  Cardivascular

  1. Heart and blood vessels
  2. Uses blood to transport to and from tissues:
  3. oxygen
  4. nutrients
  5. hormones
  6. other substances

7.  Lymphatic

  1. Complements the cardiovascular system
  2. Includes
  3. lymphatic vessels
  4. lymph nodes
  5. spleen
  6. tonsils
  7. return leaked fluids to the cv system
  8. work extensively on immunity

8.  Respiratory

  1. Keeps the body constantly supplied with oxygen and removed carbon dioxide.
  2. Consists of:
  3. Nasal passages
  4. Pharynx
  5. Larynx
  6. Trachea
  7. Bronchi
  8. Lungs
  9. contain tiny air sacks
  10. alveoli
  11. gaseous exchange takes place here

9.  digestive

  1. tube running from mouth to anus
  2. include
  3. oral cavity (mouth)
  4. esophagus
  5. stomach
  6. small and large intestines
  7. rectum
  8. role is to break down food and deliver products to the blood
  9. undigested food is expelled as feces
  10. breakdown
  11. starts in the mouth
  12. ends in the small intestine
  13. end of digestive system is for reabsorption of fluids
  14. other organs
  15. liver
  16. produces bile to breakdown fats
  17. pancreas
  18. insulin to transport sugars

10.  Urinary

  1. Removes wastes from the body
  2. Usually nitrogen containing products
  3. AKA excretory system
  4. Composed of
  5. Kidneys
  6. Ureters
  7. Bladder
  8. Urethra
  9. maintains body salt and water balance
  10. regulates acid and base balance of blood as well

11.  Reproductive

  1. Function is to produce offspring
  2. Sperm are produced by the males
  3. structures
  4. scrotum
  5. penis
  6. accessory glands
  7. duct system
  8. Eggs are produed by the females
  9. structures
  10. uterine tubes
  11. uterus
  12. vagina