Syllabus and Lecture Outline

SYLLABUS AND LECTURE OUTLINE

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2

FALL 2004

NAME ______

Syllabus page 3

Chapter 18The Endocrine System, 5

Chapter 28The Reproductive Systems, 10

Chapter 29Development, 16

Chapter 19The Blood, 18

Chapter 20The Heart,

Chapter 21Blood vessels and hemodynamics,

Chapter 22The Lymphatic System, nonspecific resistance to disease, & immunity, 29

Chapter 23The Respiratory System, 35

Chapter 24The Digestive System, 41

Chapter 25Metabolism, 46

Chapter 26The Urinary System, 49

Chapter 27Electrolytes and acid base balance, 53

Interesting facts:

Adrenal glands produce the greatest number of hormones.
Smallest endocrine gland is parathyroid.
Largest pure endocrine gland is thyroid.
Endocrine gland proportionately largest at birth is thymus.
More babies are born between 3:00-4:00 a.m. than any other time of day.

Sperms travel ≈3.5 mm/minute for a distance of ≈10 cm to site of fertilization.
All the seminiferous tubules, laid end to end measure about a mile.
The wt of a non-pregnant adult uterus is 28g while that of a pregnant uterus is 1kg.
There are about 99,758 km of blood vessels in the body, the equivalent of approximately 2.5 times around the world.

The human heart creates enough pressure in the left ventricle to squirt blood 9.1 meters.
Capillaries are 1/30th the diameter of a human hair … but all capillaries in the human body, laid end to end = 96,000 km.
It takes one minute for a blood cell to travel through the entire body.
Human heart rate = 100,800 beats/day.
Fetal heart starts beating during fourth week of pregnancy.
Only artery that carries oxygen-poor blood is pulmonary artery.
Lowest blood pressure is in the right atrium.
Humans breathe 20 times per minute, over 10 million times per year and about 700 million times in a lifetime.
Lungs are the only organs that float in water.
The largest lung lies on the right side and has three lobes; the smaller left lung has only two lobes.
If you yelled for 8 years, 7 months and 6 days, you would have produced enough sound energy to heat one cup of coffee.
A sneeze creates a force of air moving nearly 160 km/h.
It is impossible to sneeze with your eyes open.
One cigarette shortens your life by 14 minutes
The digestive system is a 9-meter-long tube, open at both ends.
Every person has a unique tongue print.
Surface area of small intestine is 60 square meters.
Longest section of gut is small intestine (5 meters).
Narrowest part of gut is esophagus.
Widest part of gut is stomach.
Most acidic substance in body is hydrochloric acid in stomach.
The stomach has to produce a new layer of mucus every two weeks, otherwise it will digest itself.
The stomach can stretch to 50 times its empty size and hold 4 liters.
Cells with shortest life span are epithelium of duodenum = 3 days.
Greenest substance in the body = bile in the gall bladder.
Source of most diverse mixture of digestive enzymes = pancreas.
Section of gut with richest blood supply = jejunum of small intestine.
The left kidney is higher than the right.
All the renal tubules laid end to end = 60 meters.
Yellow color of urine caused by pigment derived from bile.
A male’s urethra is five times longer than a female’s.
The most worm-like organ in the body is the ureter.

ST. LOUIS COMMUNITY COLLEGE AT FLORISSANT VALLEY

BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT, MSET DIVISION

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2 (BIO:208-508 & BIO:208-509), FALL 2004

Instructor / Dr. Chaya Gopalan, PhD
Lecture / SM-265 BIO:208-508 9:00-9:50AM; BIO:208-509 11:00-11:50AM MWF
Office / SM-227
Phone / 595 2392
e-mail /
Web Page /
Office Hours / MWF 8:00-9:00AM, 1:00-3:00PM; T 12:00-12:30PM, 2:30-3:00PM
Text / Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, 10th ed. by Tortora and Grabowski.
Lab Manual / Lab manuals by Allen and Harper and Gopalan packaged with the text
Credit / Three Lectures and one Lab = 4 credit hours
Prerequisite / BIO-207
Course Objective / This course covers systemic study of the human body where endocrine, reproductive, cardiovascular, respiratory, lymphatic, digestive, and urinary systems will be discussed.
Purpose / Anatomy and Physiology course is a prerequisite for majority of the allied health professions.
Honors / This course can be taken as an Honors credit course. Last day to sign up for honors is Oct. 15.
Fieldtrip / A fieldtrip to the cadaver lab at the Forest Park campus will be on Oct. 21.

Grading Scale: Ninety-100% is an A, 80-89% is a B, 70-79% is a C, 60-69% is a D, 59% and below is an F. Last day to withdraw from regular semester course with a grade of "W" is Nov. 12. If a student is not successful in obtaining a passing grade, an F will be automatically given. If the student is making progress but not being able to pass the course, the student may request for a PR (progress reenroll) grade. Final grade is based upon the completion of the following assignments. Each assignment carries the specific weight shown.

Number / Weight / Name
1 / 15 / Lecture Test 1
2 / 15 / Lecture Test 2
3 / 15 / Lecture Test 3
4 / 15 / Lecture Test 4
5 / 15 / Final Exam (Lecture Test 5)
6 / 25 / Lab Grade
7 / 15 / Quizzes and other assignments

There will be 5 unit tests. Fifth test is also considered as the final exam, which is not a comprehensive exam. The total number of points earned towards quizzes, class participation, and other assignments will be added up at the end of the semester. If the weight of the extra credit work is more than your lowest test grade, extra credit grade will replace the lowest test grade or a missed test.

Accessories: TheScience and Math Learning Center (SM 246) has study guides, models, microscopes, slides, and textbooks available for use and experienced tutors provide additional help.

ADA Statement: Any student in this class with a documented disability, who needs special testing arrangements, note taking, or other accommodations, should feel free to discuss this with the instructor. All discussions will remain confidential. No information will be shared without your permission.

Attendance: Lectures will include materials not found in the text, as well as elucidation of text materials. Thus, attendance is very critical. Accurate records of attendance will be maintained. Attendance for lecture tests is required during your scheduled date and time. If you could not be present for a scheduled test due to sickness or unavoidable circumstance, contact your instructor as soon as possible. In such case, the instructor will give you another test at a mutually agreeable time. If the student has not contacted the teacher prior to the test and does not attend a scheduled test and wants to take the test at a later time, a test will be given and graded at 80% scale (20% points are cut). In case class is cancelled, the test will be given at the next scheduled class period. Short quizzes, announced or unannounced, will be given regularly to check student progress and encourage regular study habits. No make up for quizzes or other in-class activities that would contribute towards extra credit. Students are responsible to obtain handouts or important announcements shared when they were absent either by contacting the instructor directly or through Blackboard or their classmates.

Cell phones must be turned off during class time.

Students are required to successfully complete both lecture and laboratory portions of this course in the same semester. You must earn a lab grade of at least 50% in order to qualify for a passing grade in this course. Cell phones must be turned off during class period.

TENTATIVE SCHEDULE

WEEK / DATE / LECTURE ASSIGNMENT
1 / 8/23-8/27 / Chapter 18: The Endocrine System
2 / 8/30-9/3 / Chapter 18: The Endocrine System continued
Chapter 28: The Reproductive Systems
3 / 9/6
9/8-9/10 /

NO SCHOOL, Labor Day Holiday

Chapter 28: The Reproductive Systems continued
4 / 9/13-9/15
9/17 / Chapter 28: The Reproductive Systems continued
Chapter 29: Development
5 / 9/20
9/22-9/24 / LECTURE TEST 1
Chapter 19: The Blood
6 / 9/27-10/1 / Chapter 19: The Blood
Chapter 20: The Heart
7 / 10/4-10/8 /

Chapter 20: The Heart continued

8 / 10/11
10/13-10/15 / LECTURE TEST 2

Chapter 21: Blood vessels

9 / 10/18
10/20
10/22 / Chapter 21: Blood vessels

NO SCHOOL

Chapter 22: The Lymphatic System and Immunity
10 / 10/25-10/29 /

Chapter 22: The Lymphatic System and Immunity continued

11 / 11/1-11/5 / Chapter 23: The Respiratory system
12 / 11/8
11/10
11/12 / Chapter 23: The Respiratory system Continued
LECTURE TEST 3
Chapter 24: The Digestive System
13 / 11/15-11/19 / Chapter 24: The Digestive System continued
14 / 11/22
11/24
11/26 / Chapter 25: Metabolism
LECTURE TEST 4
NO SCHOOL, Thanksgiving
15 / 11/29-12/3 / Chapter 26: The Urinary System
16 / 12/6-12/10 / Chapter 26: The Urinary System continued
Chapter 27: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis
17 / 12/13 or 12/17 / Final Exams: Exact date and time will be announced

Chapter 18

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Endocrine glands (page 587): Hormone, Hormone receptors: page 588

Chemical classes of Hormones (Table 18.2, page 591)-

Lipid-soluble hormones:

1. Steroids- eg. cortisol, testosterone, estrogens, and progesterone.

2. Thyroid hormones: T3 and T4

Water-soluble hormones:

Amine hormones- eg. epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), and melatonin.

Peptide and protein hormones- eg. insulin, antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), oxytocin, growth hormone (GH), and prolactin.

Prostaglandins- local hormones that are important in many physiological processes.

Hormone transportation- page 590.

MECHANISMS OF HORMONE ACTION

Action of lipid-soluble hormones-

Steroid and thyroid hormones- hormone + receptor (within the cytoplasm [steroid hormones] or the nucleus [thyroid hormones])  hormone-receptor complex  activates appropriate genes and stimulate the production of enzymes or hormones other proteins (hormone effect) (Fig. 18.3, page 592).

Action of water-soluble hormones (Fig. 18.4, page 593)-

Peptide hormones- require a second messenger (eg. cAMP).

Hormone (first messenger) + receptor  G protein activation

Activated G protein stimulates an enzyme called adenylate cyclase which converts ATP to cAMP (second messenger).

cAMP  enzyme activation  hormone effect. eg. E, NE, calcitonin, PTH, pituitary hormones, and glucagon.

CONTROL OF HORMONE SECRETION (page 594)- Hormone secretion is self-regulated by feedback control mechanisms.

HYPOTHALAMUS-secretes several releasing and inhibitinghormones. These hormones act on the anterior pituitary to regulate the secretion of pituitary hormones. The hypothalamus also produces two hormones, oxytocin and ADH, which are stored in the posterior pituitary.

PITUITARY GLAND (Fig. 18.5, page 595)- two parts:

Anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis and

Posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis.

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system- connects the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary (Fig. 18.5, page 595) and

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract- connects the hypothalamus with the posterior pituitary (Fig. 18.8, page 601).

Posterior pituitary (Table 18.5, page 602)- stores and releases two hormones:

Oxytocin- important in the contraction of the uterus during childbirth and release of milk from mammary glands during lactation (page 600).

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) (Fig. 18.9, page 602)- regulates fluid balance in the body.

Diabetes insipidus- ADH deficiency.

Anterior pituitary (Table 18.3-18.4, page 596, 600)- secretes

Human Growth Hormone (hGH or somatotropin)- stimulates body growth by increasing uptake of amino acids by the cells and by stimulating protein synthesis (Fig. 18.7, page 598).

Regulation of hGH secretion: GHRH  hGH; GHIH  hGH.

Dwarfism-

Gigantism-

Acromegaly- oversecretion of hGH in adulthood.

Prolactin- mammary glands to produce milk during lactation (page 599).

Control of prolactin secretion: Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)  PRL.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-  secretion of T3 and T4

Control of TSH secretion: TRH  TSH.

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-  secretion of glucocorticoids

Control of ACTH secretion: CRH  ACTH.

Gonadotropins:

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Will be discussed along with reproductive hormones in chapter 28.

THYROID GLAND-

Anatomy (Fig. 18.10, page 603)- isthmus, thyroid follicles, colloid, thyroglobulin.

Thyroid follicles secrete two hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4).

Synthesis of thyroid hormones (Fig. 18.11, page 604)-

1. Iodide trapping

2. Iodide >iodine

3. Addition of iodine to tyrosine to form T3 and T4.

Functions- Calorigenesis-  cellular respiration  fuel consumption  oxygen consumption  body temperature.

Control of thyroid hormone secretion- TRH  TSH T3 and T4 (Fig. 18.12, page 605).

Cretinism- hypothyroidism during infancy.

Goiter- an enlarged thyroid gland.

Myxedema- adult hypothyroidism.

Graves’ disease- hyperthyroidism.

The C cells of the Thyroid gland: Calcitonin- produced by the thyroid gland in response to increased Ca++ level in the blood (Table 18.6, page 606).

PARATHYROID GLANDS- secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) or parathormone that regulates calcium level in the blood (Fig. 18.13, page 607).

Regulation of secretion of calcitonin and PTH (Fig. 18.14, page 608)-

 Ca++  calcitonin;  Ca++ PTH.

THE ADRENAL GLANDS- The gland is organized into two regions: cortex and the medulla (Fig. 18.15, page 609).

The adrenal Cortex- secretes mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex steroids. The cortex can be subdivided into three zones:

Zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Zona reticularis: sex steroids.

Aldosterone- main mineralocorticoid. Helps maintain sodium and potassium balance and indirectly regulates body fluid volume and blood pressure.

Regulation of aldosterone secretion- Renin-angiotensin pathway (Fig. 18.16, page 611)-  Blood volume  blood pressure  renin. Renin converts angiotensinogen  angiotensin I  angiotensin II  aldosterone.

Cortisol- major glucocorticoid. Promotes

Glucose synthesis and glycogen formation in the liver
Lipolysis
Protein catabolism and
Antiinflammatory effect.

Regulation of Cortisol secretion (Fig. 18.17, page 591)-

CRH  ACTH  cortisol. Stress  CRH secretion.

Addison’s disease-  glucocorticoids.

Cushing’s disease-  glucocorticoids.

Sex steroids- congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

The adrenal medulla- secretes epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) which prepare the body to cope with stress (Fig. 18.15, page 610).

THE PANCREAS: THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS Fig. 18.18, pages 615)- produce two major hormones:

Insulin-  blood glucose level, storage of glucose (in the form of glycogen or fat), amino acids and fatty acids within the cells;  protein synthesis.

Glucagon-  blood glucose level; mobilization of glucose (glycogenolysis), fatty acids, and amino acids (gluconeogenesis).

Hypoglycemia-

Hyperglycemia: Diabetes mellitus-  glucose level in the blood.

Two types: Type I or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Type II or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Pineal gland- secretes a hormone called melatonin (page 618).

REVIEW QUESTIONS

What are glands? What are the two main types of glands? How are they different from one another?
What are endocrine glands?
What is a hormone?
List all the endocrine glands in the body and their locations.
What are the two classes of hormones? How many subtypes in each group and give examples.
What are prostaglandins? What are they made of? Give examples of prostaglandins and some of their functions.
How are hormones transported from the place of secretion to the target structure?
Describe the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones.
Describe the mechanism of action of peptide (or protein) hormones or catecholamines.
What are second messengers? Give an example of a second messenger.
How is hormone secretion controlled?
Which feed back regulation mechanism of hormone secretion is more common: positive or negative?
List all the releasing and inhibiting hormones that the hypothalamus secretes. How are they transported to the anterior pituitary gland?
Name the pituitary hormones that are controlled by various releasing and inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus.
Which two hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus (other than the releasing and inhibiting hormones)?
How is the hypothalamus connected to the posterior pituitary gland?
Describe the role of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone or ADH) in the body. Where does it act and which mechanism mainly controls the secretion of vasopressin?
What is diabetes insipidus?
Describe the role of oxytocin in the body.
List all the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary and their target structures.
Describe the role of growth hormone in the body. How is its release controlled?
What condition results from hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood?
What condition results from undersecretion of growth hormone during childhood?
What condition results from hypersecretion of growth hormone in an adult?
What is the importance of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin) in the body?
How is the secretion of TSH controlled?
What are gonadotropins? Name the two gonadotropins secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Name the target organs for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in the male and in the female.
Describe the role of prolactin in the body.
How is prolactin secretion controlled?
Describe the structure of the thyroid gland.
List the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland.
Which cells produce calcitonin? Where are they found?
Which cells synthesize thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine or T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)?
How is T3 and T4 made? What purpose does iodine serve in the thyroid gland?
How is T3 and T4 released into blood? How are these hormones transported in the blood?
Describe the calorigenic effect of T3 and T4.
How is T3 and T4 secretion controlled?
Define cretinism, myxedema, Graves’ disease, and goiter. How can these situations be corrected?
What is the role of calcitonin in the body?
What controls the secretion of calcitonin?
Describe the structure and the location of parathyroid glands.
Name the hormone secreted by parathyroid glands and its importance in the body.
What controls the secretion of parathyroid hormone?
Describe the structure of the adrenal gland.
Where are adrenal glands located?
What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex? Which hormone is secreted by which zone?
Name the major mineralocorticoid.
What is the importance of aldosterone in the body?
Describe renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway.
How is aldosterone secretion controlled?
Describe the actions of hydrocortisone or cortisol.
Describe the antiinflammatory effects of cortisol.
Define Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
List the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla and their effects on the body.
Name the endocrine structure of the pancreas.
What is the importance of alpha or A cells?
What is the importance of beta or B cells?
Name the pancreatic hormones that regulate blood glucose level.
Describe the regulation of secretion of glucagon and insulin.
How does insulin control blood glucose level?
How does glucagon control blood glucose level?
What is diabetes mellitus? What are the two main types of diabetes mellitus?
Define polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.
Define hypoglycemia.
Name the hormone secreted by the pineal gland and its role in the body.

Chapter 28