BIOL 256 SI, Molly

4/13/16

Exam 4 Review

1.)Distinguish among macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and natural killer cells.

2.)The main protein mechanism used against cellular antigens is:

  1. Interferon activity
  2. Immunoglobulin defense
  3. Complement fixation
  4. Chemotaxis

3.)Define an antigen. Define self-antigen (MHC) cells (include the classes). How are they similar/different?

4.)Describe each of the following classes of antibodies name the class described:

  1. IgM –
  1. – monomer attached to surface of B cells; important for B cell activation
  1. – most abundant and diverse in primary and secondary responses; able to cross placenta and induce passive immunity
  2. IgA –
  1. – binds to mast cells and basophils; causes histamine release (in response to allergies)

5.)Cell-mediated immune responses occur when antibodies can’t respond to antigens that are intracellular. The cells involved in this response are the __T__ cells. There are 2 major classes of the effector cells (there’s also memory cells, but we’re not talking about those!). Name the two classes and describe the function of each. Give one way on how you’re going to remember the difference between the two!

6.)Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Explain how the virus enters the body, is transmitted, and affects the body. Include the characteristics of AIDS.

7.)Autoimmune diseases produce ______, which destroy (self/foreign) cells. What is the mechanism of autoimmune diseases and provide a few examples.

8.)What is the difference between the pulmonary cavity and the pleural cavity?

9.)Surface tension is the attraction of:

  1. Liquid molecules to one another.
  2. Liquid and gas molecules attracted to one another.
  3. Gas molecules to one another.
  4. Alveoli to one another.

10.)Match each of the following:

Henry’s Laweach gas exerts its own partial pressure

Dalton’s Laweach gas dissolves in liquid in proportion to its partial pressure and solubility

Boyle’s Lawgas pressure is inversely proportional to its volume

11.)Sketch a spirometry graph. Label (those that you can) and define each of the following terms:

  1. Tidal volume (TV) –
  1. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) –
  1. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) –
  1. Residual volume (RV) –
  1. Inspiratory capacity (IC) –
  1. Functional residual capacity (FRC) –
  1. Vital capacity (VC) –
  1. Total lung capacity (TLC) –

12.)Select all of the following that would increase hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen (i.e. what would cause hemoglobin to hold onto oxygen?):

  1. Increase in the partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues.
  2. Increase in temperature.
  3. Decreased blood pH.
  4. Decrease in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood.
  5. Increase in BPG.

13.)Name the three ways carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.

14.)The medullary respiratory center controls the ______of breathing. The pons respiratory center controls the ______between inspiration and expiration.

15.)An increase in breathing rate is triggered by:

  1. Increase in oxygen
  2. Increase in carbon dioxide
  3. Decrease in oxygen
  4. Decrease in carbon dioxide

16.)Describe the direction of force each of the following pressures exerts (i.e. out of/into the capsule/glomerulus)

  1. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
  2. Colloid osmotic pressure in the glomerulus
  3. Capsular hydrostatic pressure
  4. Colloid osmotic pressure in the capsule

17.)What substances are reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule? Secreted into the proximal convoluted tubule?

18.)What substances are reabsorbed from the descending limb of the loop of Henle? What exits the ascending limb, and does this cause the medulla to be hypertonic or hypotonic?

19.)What is secreted and/or absorbed through the distal convoluted tubule?

20.)T or F: If the glomerular filtration rate is high, you will have a low clearance of urea because too much waste is staying in the glomerulus.

21.)The liver produces angiotensinogen. Renin, which is secreted by the adrenal glands, changes angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. The enzyme ACE changes angiotensin I to angiotensin II. What are some of the effects angiotensin II causes?

22.)The secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes the (reabsorption/secretion) of water, making (dilute/concentrated) urine, which allows you to urinate (more/less) often.

23.)Micturition is the same as ______, which is the same as ______, which means to empty the bladder. What is the main trigger of micturition?