Minerals

  1. What is a mineral?
  • Occurs ______
  • Is a ______
  • Has a definite ______composition
  • Has atoms arranged in an ordinary ______(crystal structure)
  • Is ______(not alive)
  1. Most Minerals are Compounds
  • Made of _____ or more ______
  • Example:
  • Quartz: ______& ______
  • ______: sodium & chlorine
  • Galena: ______& ______
  1. Made of Only One Element
  • Minerals with only ______element are called ______Minerals (native element)
  • Examples:
  • ______
  • ______
  • ______
  • Sulfur
  • Diamonds (______)
  1. How Minerals Form
  1. ______
  • Atoms move ______in ______magma
  • As magma ______& ______atoms come closer together to form solid mineral
  • Depending on the ______different minerals can form from the ______magma mass
  • ______of ______determines the minerals ______size
  1. Evaporation
  • ______containing dissolved ______evaporates
  • ______come together to form a ______
  1. Metamorphic minerals
  • Minerals can also be ______into ______minerals
  • They ______due to ______in
  • ______
  • ______
  • ______action of ______
  1. Crystalline Structure
  • All minerals are crystalline: atoms arranged in a regular ______
  • A crystal is a regular geometric solid with ______surfaces called crystal ______.
  • Arrangement of ions (atoms with a positive or negative charge) ______the ______of the crystal
  • The ______at which crystal faces ______is always the same for each kind of mineral (can use to identify)

Base of crystal shapes

  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. ______
  5. ______
  6. ______

  • If you can’t see a crystal shape (face) it is because space is too ______, atoms of one crystal join to another and faces (shapes) are lost

II. Rock-Forming Minerals

  1. Silicates
  2. Made from silica ______
  3. Quartz
  • ______most ______mineral in Earth’s ______
  • Feldspar
  • ______% of the crust
  • Divided into ____ groups
  • Potassium feldspar: ______common ______
  • Sodium-Calcite feldspar: ______
  • Example: ______& ______

3. Mica

  • Very ______
  • White ______(muscovite)
  • ______Mica, black or brown (______)

4. Talc

  • The ______mineral

5. Amphiboles

  • Most common is ______, which is a ferromagnesium ______
  • Can ______to almost ______silicate family

6. Pyroxenes

  • ______is augite
  • Also ______silicate

7. Olivine

  • ______tetrahedron

8. Garnets

  • ______

9. Kaolinite or Kaolin

  • Formed by ______of ______and other silicate minerals

Silicate Structures

 tetrahedra: silicon-oxygen tetrahedra that are linked only by atoms of elements other than silicon and oxygen (___ Si & ___ O)

Ring Silicates: tetrahedra are joined into 3, 4, or 6 sided ______by shared oxygen atoms

Single-chain silicates – each tetrahedron is ______(held together) to 2 others by shared oxygen atoms

Double-Chain Silicates: ______single chains of tetrahedra ______(linked) to each other

  1. Carbonates

Made of ______carbon ______combined with ______atoms

1. Calcite (Calcium)

  • Most ______
  • ______calcite is iceland spar (ice-like)

2. Dolomite (magnesium)

  • ______or ______grains
  • Doesn’t ______as much to ______test as ______

3. Malchite and azurite (______)

4. Siderite (______)

C. Iron Oxides & Sulfides

1. Hematite

  • Most common ______
  • Leaves ______- ______streak

2. Magnetite

  • ______iron oxide
  • Example: ______

3. Pyrite

  • Most common ______

III Mineral Identification Tests

1. ______of its crystals

Ex: Halite (______) crystals are ______

no matter how ______or ______they have to be the ______shape

Test: look under ______

2. Colors

Some minerals have ______than one ______

______in a mineral can ______its color

Ex: Quartz- ______, with iron-______, with titanium-______

______to ______changes colors

Ex: Brass is ______-air is ______

Bronze is ______– air is ______

Test: simple ______

3. Luster – the way a mineral ______

Two types

1. ______: looks like ______

2. ______: does ______look like metal

Ex: ______, ______, pearly etc.

Test: look at the mineral, ask yourself ‘does it ______like a piece of ______’ If it does than it ______if ______then ______

The way a mineral ______in a ______

4. Cleavage

Most minerals ______in a particular ______

1. Cleavage

If breaks along ______surfaces it forms a ______

If breaks in ______directions that are at ______angles

2. Fracture:

if a mineral breaks in ______than ______direction

If a mineral ______on a ______surface (______fracture)

Test: look at ______and compare to ______. If it is ______then cleavage, if not then ______

“______” cleavage

Fluorite cleaves at ______angles

______or shell-like fracture

______fracture

5. Hardness

Depends on the ______of its ______and the ______of the ______

The ______mineral will always ______the ______one

______’s scale: shows ______of minerals

The ______the number the ______the mineral

Test: use ______to ______wipe across the mineral. Each point is worth a certain ______as ______as the point ______the mineral you ______. ______is the ______

6. Streak: ______of ______color

Streak is the ______for all ______of the ______mineral

______minerals leave ______streaks

Test: ______the mineral on an unpolished ______tile.The ______left behind is the true color

7. Specific Gravity (______): ratio of the ______of a mineral to the weight of an ______volume of ______

Specific gravity is always ______than ______

Nonmetallic- ______than ______

______– about _____

______if pure – ______

’s principle – ______of weight is equal to the weight of the ______water

Specific Gravity

Formulas:

Specific Gravity = or=

Example: A mineral weighs 50 Newtons in air and 30 Newtons in water:

So, the mineral is ______times as heavy as an equal volume of water.

Test:

Use a Newton ______and ______a mineral to the scale.

Then find the ______in ______and then place mineral in ______(______touching side) to find weight in the ______.

Finally use the ______.

8. ______Test: to find if a mineral is a ______

 Place a ______drop of ______acid on a mineral.

If mineral ______it has ______, if ______it doesn’t

9. Special Properties of Minerals:

Magnetic: use a ______and see if it ______

______: certain minerals have a ______taste

  • *______taste a mineral ______being ______to

Fluorescence: ______while under a ______light

Phophorescent: ______to glow after the U.V is ______

Radioactive: test minerals with a ______

Double Refraction: ______light rays into ______parts (will see a ______image) look ______mineral for image