PRE AP BIOLOGY

SEMESTER 2 REVIEW SHEET w/ First Semester ANSWERS

MRS. VINKLAREK

CH. 1 – The Study of Life

1. Define biology.study of life

2. All living things are composed of this.cells

3. Maintaining a balance within cells and the environment is called what?Homeostasis

4. What is needed for energy that drives metabolim in animals? food

4. Making more of ones kind is called?reproduction

5. Define hypothesis.explanation that might be true

6. Define experiment.planned procedure to hypothesis

7. Variable that is measured during an experiment is called what?Dependent

8. What are the steps in the scientific method? Observe, ask questions, form hypothesis, confirm predictions by data, draw a conclusion

9. Unifying explanation for a broad range of observation is known as?theory

10. List the 7 characteristics of living things and define each.

cellular structure, reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, heredity, evolve, interdependence

Chapters 2, 3 & 4 – Ecology

  1. What is an ecosystem? community of organisms living with biotic and abiotic factors (soil, water, weather).
  2. Define symbiosis and the 3 types.Symbiosis – organisms living together; mutualism – no harm (plants & bees); commensalism – one benefits (whales & barnacles); parasitism – harms the organism (tick & human)
  3. What are biotic factors? Living factors Abiotic factors?Non living (soil, weather, water
  4. What are limiting factors? Water, food
  5. What is carrying capacity within an ecosystem?The amount of organisms that can live in one area
  6. What is the difference between a food chain and food web?Food chain shows only a few organisms in a straight line; food web intertangled web of many animals eating each other
  7. Identify producers and consumers.Producers at bottom of food chain; plants; consumers - animals
  8. What are herbivoreseat plants only, carnivoreseat animals and omnivoreseat both?
  9. What are decomposers? Feed off dead organic wastes (bacteria or fungi) Detrivores?Consumer that feeds on dead plants and animals (worms)
  10. What are trophic levels?Steps in the food chain.
  11. What happens to energy as it is passed from producers to consumers?Each trophic level going up contains only 10% of the biomass below it
  12. How do chemicals cycle through ecosystems?Biogeochemical cycles are the Water, Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorous Cycles
  13. What are natural ways in which an ecosytem’s stability might be disrupted?

drought

  1. What are human influenced ways in which an ecosystem’s stability might be disrupted?Fires, overpopulation
  2. What is the sequence of events that occurs during primary and secondary succession?Progression of species replacement
  3. What are the differences between primary and secondary succession?Primary – no life at all; secondary – previously existing community exists
  4. Identify the major biomes of the world.Tundra, Taiga, Temperate forests, tropical forest, temperate grasslands, savanna, dessert, freshwater, wetlands, marine

Chapter 6 – Chemistry in Biology

  1. Define organic compounds and give an example. contain carbon; carbohydrates, proteins, fats, nucleic acids
  2. Name the reagents (indicators) used in the organic compound lab. Benedicts – reducing sugars, Biuret – proteins, Iodine – starch, Sudan IV - lipids
  3. Name the two types of nucleic acids. DNA & RNA
  4. Define DNA and discuss its structure. Deoxyribonucleic acid; double helix
  5. Define enzymes. catalyst (speeds up chemical reactions) Active site –folds where substrate fits; substrate – substance enzymes acts upon

Chapter 7-10 The Cell

  1. Review metrics. Based on powers of “10”
  2. Review the microscope and these terms: resolution, objectives, total magnification. clarity; 4X, 10X, 40X; 40, 100, 400
  3. Name the smallest unit of life. cells
  4. Define surface area and how it relates to cell size. large SA/small Volume
  5. Label and plant and animal cell and know each organelles function.

nucleus – chromosomes;

ER – produce vesicles;

Golgi body – packages proteins;

mitochondria – produce ATP

  1. List the differences between plant and animal cells. animal cell has no cell wall & large central vacuole
  2. Define prokaryotes and eukaryotes. no nucleus/nucleus
  3. What is the ultimate source of energy used by life on earth? The sun
  4. Define autotophs and heterotrophs?
  5. What is the process by which autotrophs get their food? Photosynthesis
  6. List types of asexual reproduction.Budding, fragmentation, fission
  7. List the stages of the cell cycle & mitosis.
  8. Levels of organization: cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
  9. Define diffusion. type of passive transport; requires no energy
  10. Define osmosis. diffusion of water in or out of cell
  11. Distinguish between hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions.

hypotonic – cell swells in this environment; less solute

hypertonic – cell shrinks; more solute

isotonic – cell stays the same

  1. Define active and passive transport and give examples.

Active requires energy, passive does not

  1. Define diffusion. type of passive transport; requires no energy
  2. Define osmosis. diffusion of water in or out of cell
  3. Distinguish between hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions.
  4. hypotonic – cell swells in this environment; less solute
  5. hypertonic – cell shrinks; more solute
  6. isotonic – cell stays the same
  7. Define active and passive transport and give examples.
  8. Active requires energy, passive does not
  9. What is the main source of energy for all living things? the sun
  10. Define heterotrophs. consume other organisms to get energy
  11. Define autotrophs. obtain energy through photosynthesis
  12. Define ATP. “energy currency”; most of the energy that drives metabolism
  13. Review process of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
  14. Know the reactants and products of each process. oxygen & glucose; carbon dioxide, water & energy
  15. Where do these processes occur? chloroplasts/mitochondria – cellular respiration
  16. Types of cellular respiration: Glycolysis & fermentation
  17. Define fermentation. making energy without oxygen

SECOND SEMESTER

Answer the following:

Chapter 10 Sexual Reproduction & Genetics

  1. List and describe the phases of Meiosis.
  2. What are gametes?
  3. How did Genetics begin?
  4. What are F1 & F2?
  5. Define genotype. Define phenotype.
  6. Define homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive.
  7. What is the Law of Segregation?
  8. What are hybrids?
  9. Be able to work monohybrid & dihybrid crosses.
  10. What is the Law of Independent Assortment?
  11. What is a Punnett square?

Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance & Human Heredity

  1. What is a pedigree?
  2. Be able to interpret a pedigree.
  3. What is Incomplete Dominance?
  4. What is Codominance?
  5. What are multiple allelles?
  6. What are the 4 human blood groups? How many phenotypes of blood are there?
  7. What is a karyotype?
  8. Be able to interpret a karyotype.
  9. What is nondisjunction?

Chapter 12 – Molecular Genetics

  1. What are the components of DNA?
  2. What is a nucleotide?
  3. Is DNA the genetic code?
  4. What is the structure of DNA?
  5. What are the base pairing rules for DNA?
  6. What is the process of DNA replication?
  7. Identify scientists in the field of cellular biology.
  8. What is RNA and its function?
  9. How does RNA differ from DNA?
  10. What is the process by which proteins are synthesized?
  11. What is a codon?
  12. Be able to transcribe DNA and use a codon chart to identify amino acids.

Chapter 15 –Evolution

  1. What is Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection?
  2. List examples of evidence of evolution.

CHAPTER 17 – Classification Organisms/ CHAPTERS 18-30

1. Define taxonomy.

2. Name the 8 Taxa groups.

3. Name the 3 Domains.

4. List the 6 kingdoms of life and be able to give examples of each and characteristics of each.

5. What are the levels of organization in Biology?

6. Distinguish between non vascular and vascular plants. Be able to give examples of each.

7. Distinguish between angiosperms and gymnosperms.

8. Distinguish between monocots and dicots.

9. What is vascular tissue (vascular bundles) within plants?

10. Define transpiration.

11. What are the stomata of a plant?

12. What are guard cells of a plant?

13. What is the cuticle of the plant?

14. Define 3 types of symmetry and give an example for each.

15. What did animals evolve from?

16. Name the earliest known land vertebrate.

17. List the 11 systems of living things.

18. Define virus. Is it living? Why or why not?

19. Define bacteria. List and distinguish 3 types of bacteria.

20. List some protists and give examples of means of transportation for each.

21. Review internal and external structures of earthworm, crayfish & frog.

22. Review 9 major phyla of Animals and their specific characteristics.

(see page 699 in book & “What Am I?” WS)

24. Match the 11 systems of the body with their organs.

100 MULTIPLE CHOICE

4 ESSAY QUESTIONS