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Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology (Martini/Bartholomew)
Chapter 2 The Chemical Level of Organization
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Multiple Choice
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1)
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An unstable isotope that emits subatomic particles spontaneously is called
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A)
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a radioisotope.
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B)
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a proton.
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C)
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an ion.
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D)
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an atom.
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E)
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a gamma ray.
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Answer:
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A
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2)
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Which of the following is NOT a principal element in the human body?
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A)
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hydrogen
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B)
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sulfur
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C)
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iron
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D)
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iodine
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E)
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copper
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Answer:
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E
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3)
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The best definition of matter is anything that
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A)
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has weight and takes up space.
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B)
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takes up time and has mass.
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C)
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has mass and is solid.
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D)
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has weight and is liquid.
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E)
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is comprised of organic materials.
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Answer:
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A
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4)
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The branch of science that deals with the interaction of living and non-living materials is
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A)
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biology.
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B)
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pathology.
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C)
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botany.
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D)
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geology.
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E)
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chemistry.
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Answer:
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E
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5)
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If a polypeptide contains 10 peptide bonds, how many amino acids does it contain?
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A)
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0
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B)
1
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5
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C)
1
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10
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D)
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11
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E)
1
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12
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Answer:
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D
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6)
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The nucleic acid RNA
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A)
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is double stranded.
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B)
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contains uracil in place of thymine.
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C)
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contains the pentose deoxyribose.
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D)
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contains protein bases.
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E)
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synthesizes lipids.
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Answer:
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B
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7)
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When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis,
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A)
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a new monosaccharide is formed.
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B)
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a disaccharide is formed.
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C)
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a polysaccharide is formed.
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D)
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a starch is formed.
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E)
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hydrolysis occurs.
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Answer:
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B
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8)
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When placed in water, an inorganic compound dissociates 99 percent, forming hydrogen ions and anions. This substance would be a
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A)
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strong base.
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B)
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weak base.
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C)
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strong acid.
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D)
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weak acid.
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E)
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salt.
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Answer:
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C
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9)
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In an exergonic reaction,
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A)
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large molecules are broken down into smaller ones.
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B)
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small molecules are assembled into larger ones.
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C)
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molecules are rearranged to form new molecules.
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D)
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molecules move from reactants to products and back.
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E)
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energy is released during the reaction.
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Answer:
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E
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10)
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Each of the following statements concerning hydrogen bonds is true EXCEPT one. Identify the exception.
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A)
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Hydrogen bonds are strong attractive forces between hydrogen atoms and negatively charged atoms.
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B)
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Hydrogen bonds can occur within a single molecule.
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C)
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Hydrogen bonds can form between neighboring molecules.
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D)
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Hydrogen bonds are important forces for holding large molecules together.
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E)
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Hydrogen bonds are responsible for many of the unique properties of water.
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Answer:
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A
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11)
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Calcium atoms have two electrons in the outermost shell. As a result, one would expect calcium to form ions with a charge of
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A)
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+1.
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B)
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+2.
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C)
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-1.
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D)
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-2.
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E)
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none of the above
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Answer:
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B
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12)
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When electrons are transferred from one atom to another and the two atoms unite as a result of the electrostatic attraction,
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A)
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an ion is formed.
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B)
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a molecule is formed.
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C)
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a hydrogen bond is formed.
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D)
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an ionic bond is formed.
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E)
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a covalent bond is formed.
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Answer:
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D
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13)
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If an element is composed of atoms with an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 14, then a neutral atom of this element contains
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A)
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6 protons.
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B)
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6 neutrons.
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C)
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8 electrons.
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D)
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14 protons.
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E)
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14 electrons.
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Answer:
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A
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14)
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A dehydration synthesis reaction between glycerol and a single fatty acid would yield a
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A)
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steroid.
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B)
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hormone.
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C)
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monoglyceride.
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D)
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diglyceride.
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E)
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triglyceride.
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Answer:
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C
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15)
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An excess of hydrogen ions in the body fluids can have disastrous results because
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A)
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excess hydrogen ions can break chemical bonds.
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B)
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excess hydrogen ions can change the shape of large complex molecules, rendering them non-functional.
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C)
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excess hydrogen ions can disrupt tissue functions.
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D)
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excess hydrogen ions can kill living cells.
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E)
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all of the above
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Answer:
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E
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16)
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Substrate molecules bind to enzymes at the
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A)
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amino group sites.
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B)
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active sites.
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C)
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carboxyl group sites.
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D)
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reactant sites.
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E)
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none of the above
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Answer:
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B
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17)
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Enzymes
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A)
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are proteins.
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B)
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function as biological catalysts.
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C)
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lower the activation energy for a reaction.
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D)
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affect the rate of a chemical reaction.
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E)
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all of the above
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Answer:
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E
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18)
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Chemical reactions that occur in the human body are controlled by special catalytic molecules called
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A)
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enzymes.
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B)
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cytozymes.
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C)
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cofactors.
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D)
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activators.
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E)
1
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none of the above
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Answer:
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A
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19)
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The most important high-energy compound in cells is
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A)
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glucose.
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B)
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fructose.
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C)
1
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protein.
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D)
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adenosine triphosphate.
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E)
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deoxyribose.
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Answer:
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D
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20)
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According to the rules of complementary base pairing, a nucleotide containing the base cytosine would only pair with a nucleotide containing the base
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A)
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thymine.
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B)
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adenine.
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C)
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uracil.
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D)
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cytosine.
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E)
1
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guanine.
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Answer:
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E
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21)
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A nucleotide consists of
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A)
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a five-carbon sugar and a phosphate group.
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B)
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a five-carbon sugar and a nitrogen base.
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C)
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a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.
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D)
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a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
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E)
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a five-carbon sugar and an amino acid.
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Answer:
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D
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22)
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Nucleic acids are composed of units called
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A)
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amino acids.
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B)
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simple sugars.
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C)
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fatty acids.
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D)
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adenosines.
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E)
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nucleotides.
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Answer:
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E
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23)
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Molecules that perform most cellular "work" are called
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A)
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proteins.
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B)
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nucleic acids.
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C)
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carbohydrates.
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D)
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steroids.
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E)
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lipids.
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Answer:
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A
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24)
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Each amino acid differs from others in the
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A)
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number of central carbon atoms.
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B)
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size of the amino group.
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C)
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number of carboxyl groups.
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D)
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nature of the R group.
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E)
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number of peptide bonds in the molecule.
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Answer:
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D
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25)
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A bond between a phosphate group and a sugar can be found linking together
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A)
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two simple sugars.
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B)
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one amino acid to an amino group of another.
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C)
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two nucleotides.
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D)
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a fatty acid and a glycerol molecule.
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E)
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a cholesterol molecule and a fatty acid molecule.
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Answer:
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C
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26)
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Each of the following is a function of proteins EXCEPT one. Identify the exception.
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A)
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support
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B)
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transport
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C)
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metabolic regulation
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D)
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movement
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E)
1
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absorption
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Answer:
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E
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27)
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A class of lipids used to signal cells to undergo changes is called
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A)
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steroids.
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B)
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phospholipids.
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C)
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triglycerides.
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D)
1
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hormones.
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E)
1
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monoglycerides.
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Answer:
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D
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28)
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A fatty acid that contains three double covalent bonds in its carbon chain is said to be
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A)
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saturated.
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B)
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polyunsaturated.
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C)
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monounsaturated.
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D)
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hydrogenated.
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E)
1
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carboxylated.
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Answer:
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B
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29)
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Lipids are used for all of the following EXCEPT to
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A)
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form essential structural components of cells.
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B)
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provide roughly twice as much energy as carbohydrates.
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C)
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help maintain body temperature.
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D)
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help cushion delicate organs from damage.
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E)
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carry genetic information.
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Answer:
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E
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30)
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The group of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a near 1:2:1 ratio is defined as a
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A)
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carbohydrate.
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B)
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lipid.
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C)
1
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protein.
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D)
1
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nucleic acid.
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E)
1
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none of the above
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Answer:
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A
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31)
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A polysaccharide that can NOT be digested by humans is
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A)
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starch.
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B)
1
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glycogen.
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C)
1
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fructose.
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D)
1
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cellulose.
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E)
1
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sucrose.
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Answer:
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D
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32)
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The most important metabolic fuel molecule in the body is
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A)
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sucrose.
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B)
1
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starch.
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C)
1
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protein.
1
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D)
1
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vitamin B12.
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E)
1
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glucose.
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Answer:
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E
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33)
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Carbohydrate molecules may be used for which of the following?
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A)
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a primary energy storage molecule
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B)
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part of nucleic acid structure
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C)
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the body's most important source of energy
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D)
1
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receptors of the cell surface
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E)
1
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all of the above
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Answer:
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E
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1
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1
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34)
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Inorganic acids in the body include
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A)
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hydrochloric.
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B)
1
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carbonic.
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C)
1
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sulfuric.
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D)
1
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phosphoric.
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E)
1
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all of the above
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Answer:
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E
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35)
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It is important to keep pH regulated because an imbalance in H+ concentration can cause
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A)
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unwanted chemical reactions.
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B)
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overactivation of enzymes.
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C)
1
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deactivation of enzymes.
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D)
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structural damage.
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E)
1
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all of the above
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Answer:
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E
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36)
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During ionization, water molecules disrupt the ionic bonds of a solute, resulting in a mixture of ions. These ions are called
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A)
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cations.
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B)
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anions.
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C)
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dissociates.
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D)
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electrolytes.
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E)
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anti-ions.
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Answer:
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D
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37)
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Which statement about carbon dioxide is NOT correct?
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A)
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It is composed of nonpolar molecules.
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B)
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It can pass easily through a cell membrane.
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C)
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It is required by the body.
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D)
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It dissolves in water.
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E)
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It is a waste product.
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Answer:
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C
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38)
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Organic compounds in the human body contain all of the following EXCEPT
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A)
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hydrogen.
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B)
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oxygen.
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C)
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carbon.
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D)
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calcium.
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E)
1
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none of the above
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Answer:
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D
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39)
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Which of the following is the most abundant chemical compound in the human body?
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A)
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water
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B)
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acids
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C)
1
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bases
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D)
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salts
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E)
1
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organic molecules
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Answer:
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A
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40)
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All of the compounds that can be synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside the body are called
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A)
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inorganic compounds.
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B)
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organic compounds.
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C)
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nutrients.
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D)
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metabolites.