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Name ______Ch. 15

MITOSIS – ESSENTIAL VOCAB

1. Mitosis / Cell division resulting in two genetically identical cells
2. Asexual Reproduction / Process where one parent cell divides into two cells by mitosis
3. Nucleus / Cell organelle that contains the DNA
4. DNA / Molecule containing the hereditary instructions for all life functions, found in the nucleus of cells
5. Chromosomes / Coiled structures in the nucleus of cells that contain DNA
6. Chromatin / Temporary form of chromosomes during mitosis
7. Daughter Cells / The two genetically identical cells produced from mitosis
8. Clone/Cloning / Process that produces a genetic copy
9. Centromere / The center location in a chromosome
10. Chromatid / Two identical DNA strands during mitosis
11. Centrioles / Organelles in animal cells that assist in separating chromosomes during mitosis
12. Spindle Fibers / Organized protein fibers that stretch across a cell to help pull apart chromosomes during mitosis
13. Cleavage/Furrow / The pinching in of the cell membrane to divide a cell during mitosis, forming an indentation or furrow
14. Cytokinesis / The division of the cytoplasm following mitosis
15. Replicate / To make a copy of, as in DNA during mitosis
16. Growth / Life function that includes increase in cell size and/or number
17. Ameba/Paramecium / Unicellular Protists that reproduce asexually by mitosis
18. Bacteria / Unicellular organisms that reproduce asexually by mitosis
19. Unicellular Organisms / Single celled organism that reproduce asexually by mitosis
20. Colony / The collection of unicellular organisms produced asexually by mitosis, can appear to look multicellular because of grouping
21. Cell Plate / The temporary structure formed in plant cells at the end of mitosis, becomes a new cell wall
22. Binary Fission / A form of asexual reproduction by mitosis where the cell cytoplasm divides equally in half to produce two equal sized offspring cells, splitting in two
23. Budding / A form of asexual reproduction by mitosis where the cell cytoplasm divides unequally to produce two unequal sized offspring cells
24. Sporulation/Spores / A form of asexual reproduction by mitosis in fungi where the parent organism releases genetically identical spores as offspring
25. Regeneration / The process or repair and regrowth in multicellular organisms of identical damaged or lost body parts, by mitosis
26. Vegetative Propagation / A form of asexual reproduction by mitosis in plants that results in identical offspring
27. Cuttings, Slips, Bulbs, Runners, Buds, Tubers / Examples of vegetative propagation by mitosis
28. Trade Offs / In decision making, the process of weighing the pros vs. cons
29. Cancer / Uncontrolled cell growth and division by mitosis
30. Tumor / A growing mass of cells by mitosis, cancerous or benign
31. Gene / A protein that codes for a genetic trait in the DNA of a cell
32. Mutation / A change in the sequence of DNA

BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:
1. Give examples of synonyms for mitosis.
2. What is the end result of mitosis?
3. Differentiate between DNA, chromatin, & chromosomes. / Ch. 15 Mitosis – Cell Division
Recall that the cell theory states “that all cells come from preexisting cells”. Cell division is the process by which news cells are produced from one cell.
Cell Reproduction
The process by which new cells are produced from one cell. The cells are identical clones of the parent cells and are called daughter cells.
Mitosis is all about the nucleus!
The nucleus contains the DNA that needs to be copied
Chromosomes
Coiled structures in the nucleus of cells that contain DNA, the hereditary instructions for all life functions.
Chromatin
A temporary form of chromosomes during mitosis.

SUMMARY:

BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:
1. Describe and label what happens at metaphase of mitosis.
2. Why do chromosomes first need to double?
3. What is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis? / The Phases of Mitosis
  • Interphase
The growing phase of a cell, chromatin converts to chromosomes in preparation for replication.

  • Prophase
Chromosomes double forming sister chromatids that connect at centromeres. The nucleus will disappear during this phase due to doubling of chromosomes.
  • Metaphase
The chromatids line up along the center of the cell, the equator, in preparation for dividing.
  • Anaphase
The chromatids separate and move towards opposite cell ends, the poles, away from the equator.
  • Telophase
The chromatids reach their opposite poles and two new nuclei form around each. Chromatids revert back to chromatin and mitosis is complete with two replicated nuclei.
  • Cytokinesis
The cells cytoplasm divides resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells.

SUMMARY:

BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:
1. What do unicellular organisms use mitosis for? Multicellular organisms?
2. Contrast plant and animal cell mitosis.
3. What organelle in plants cells prevents a cleavage furrow from forming during mitosis? / Results of Mitosis

  • In Unicellular Organisms
Unicellular organisms are only single celled, reproduction is fast and easy by mitosis and can result in many genetically identical offspring in a short amount of time.

  • In Multicellular Organisms
Multicellular organisms do not use mitosis for reproduction since they have specific tissues, organs, and a system for sexual reproduction. They use mitosis for growth and repair of damaged or lost body parts.
Plant vs. Animal Cell Mitosis
  • Compare
Both involve copying DNA, chromosomes, and the division of a cell nucleus. Both go through similar phases of mitosis and the end result is the same, two new genetically identical daughter cells.
  • Contrast
Animal cells pinch in, cleave the cell membrane forming a furrow, plant cells do not they form a cell plate down the middle that becomes the new cell wall.

SUMMARY:

BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:
1. Compare and contrast binary fission with budding.
2. How could a colony of organisms be produced through budding?
3. Under what types of environmental conditions would it be beneficial for an organism to release itsspores? / Mitosis as a form of Asexual Reproduction
  • Binary Fission
A form of asexual reproduction by mitosis in unicellular organisms like the ameba, paramecium, and bacteria. Characterized by the equal division of cytoplasm and producing the same sized offspring/cells.

  • Budding
A form of asexual reproduction by mitosis in simple organisms like the hydra. Characterized by the unequal division of cytoplasm and producing different sized offspring/cells called a bud.

  • Sporulation
A form of asexual reproduction by mitosis in fungi. Characterized by the production of many genetically identical offspring called spores. Usually occur when the parent fungus is not at its optimum.
Mitosis for Growth & Repair

Regeneration of lost limbs
A form of mitosis in multicellular organisms resulting in the identical regrowth or repair of lost or damaged body parts. Has limitations.

SUMMARY:

BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:
1. Give an example of vegetative propagation?
2. Why is it considered asexual reproduction?
3. Explain the term trade off. / Mitosis as a form of Asexual Reproduction in Plants
  • Vegetative Propagation (bulbs, runners, tubers, slips)
A form of asexual reproduction in plants resulting in genetically identical offspring, in the form of buds, runners, tubers, bulbs, slips, cuttings, etc.


Trade Offs of Vegetative Propagation
  • Pros
-The offspring will be clones of the parent, passing on desired traits.
-A free method of obtaining more plants since they come from the parent.
-A faster method of obtaining plants since them come from an established parent, not sexual seeds.
  • Cons
-The offspring will be clones of the parent, passing on any undesired traits
-Results in no genetic diversity, so a disease or change could potentially destroy the parent and its clones/offspring if all the same.

SUMMARY:

BELLRINGER:

Essential Questions:
1. How can disruption of the cell cycle result in cancer?
2. What are some factors that people could do to limit their chances for having cancer?
3. Put in order from smallest to largest the following: nucleus, gene, chromosome, DNA. / Control of the Cell Cycle – Control of Mitosis
  • When homeostasis is disrupted!
When life functions are not regulated and balance is not maintained….health of the cell/organism is at risk.
Cancer
The uncontrolled growth and division of cells by mitosis. Can result in a larger mass of cells, a tumor that spreads and metastasis occurs, resulting in malignant growth.

Gene
A protein that codes for a particular trait in the DNA of a cell.
The Causes of Cancer
Both genetic and environmental factors. Random mutations of DNA can cause uncontrolled mitosis rates leading to cancer. Exposure to mutagens (harming substances in the environment like UV rays, X rays, lead, asbestos, etc.) can cause uncontrolled mitosis rates leading to cancer.

Cancer Prevention
Know the warning signs, maintain good health through diet and exercise, and get regular physicals and screenings. Avoid toxic environments.

SUMMARY: