Topic 5 & 10 Evolution Review—Complete this work on this sheet and/or a separate sheet of paper

5.1 Evidence for Evolution [ Review Biozone 191-195, 199]

  • Outline the evidence for evolution provided by the fossil record.

  • Explain the differences between homologous and analogous structures.

  • Compare the FUNCTION of the pentadactyl limbs shown, specifically locomotion.

The bones of many modern birds and the fossils of bird ancestors have been compared. The body shape and how bird ancestors might have flown have been studied. This indicates that small predatory dinosaurs which lived on the ground evolved into birds with some flying capabilities. These then evolved into modern birds. The cladogram shows part of bird evolution and the drawings show anatomical structures linking birds to dinosaurs with hollow bones.

(a)Identify which bird ancestor appears most closely related to dinosaurs.

(b)Compare the flight capabilities and hand and wrist structure of Velociraptor and Columba.

(c)Identify the two types of evidence for evolution shown by the data.

(a)Archaeopteryx1

(b)Velociraptor no flight and Columba flight;
flapping in both;
three fingers in both;
half-moon-shaped wrist bone in both (allows flapping);
bones fuse / less in Columba and separate / more in Velociraptor;
digit II is the longest in both;
both have hollow bones;3 max
[1 max] for descriptions of each with no comparison.

(c)comparative anatomy / homologous anatomical structures /
similar basic structural features but structure adapted to function /
similar to pentadactyl limb example; paleontological / fossil evidence;2

[6]

5.2 Natural Selection [Review Biozone 197-98, 200-203]

  • Explain how sexual reproduction promotes variation in species.

  • Explain how natural selection leads to evolution.
  • Explain how evolution can occur in response to an environmental change. Know at least 2. One MUST be antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.3 Classification and Biodiversity [Review Biozone 205-219]

  • Know the 7 levels of taxa, their order.
  • KNOW the distinct features of each of the following:

Plants:

  • Bryophyte
  • Filicinophyta
  • Coniferophyta
  • Angiosperophyta

Animals:

  • Porifera
  • Cnidarian pletyhelmintha
  • Annelida
  • Mollusca
  • Arthopda
  • Chordata
  • Know the features of birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles and fish.

5.4 Cladistics [Review Biozone 204, 220-221]

Molecular and radioactive dating of fossils are used to determine the phylogeny of organisms. Turtles are organisms with a long evolutionary history, making them an ideal group to study. Below is a phylogeny of some turtle genera developed using both fossil and molecular dating.

(a)Identify the oldest turtle genus.

(b)Compare the phylogeny of Chelonia with Graptemys.

(c)Discuss which turtle genera are most closely related.

(a)Carettochelys1

(b)both have a common ancestor / common ancestor in the
cretaceous / ancestral line evolved in the Jurassic;
Cheloniahas 3 divergence points from ancestor whereas
Graptemyshas five;
Graptemyshas more recently diverged than Chelonia / Graptemys
evolved later than Chelonia;2 max

(c)Graptemysand Trachemys;
(as) these separated most recently;
Graptemysand Trachemyare closely related to Emys / Mauremysand
Heosemysare also closely related but diverged further back in time;
lack of fossil evidence to show that other pairs could be more
closely related;
reliability of molecular dates could be questioned / reliability
of fossil dates could be questioned;3 max

[6]

10.3 Gene Pools and Speciation [Review Biozone 369-382]

  • Describe how barriers between gene pools can cause speciation. Describe at least three types of barriers. Include real life examples of each (the animal/plants affected).
  • Calculate allele, genotype and phenotype frequencies for two alleles of a gene, using the Hardy-Weinberg equation.

Link to an IB Textbook (older version--so topic numbers will be different) P. 113-129