Chapter: Chapter 11: Earth Materials
Chapter: Chapter 12: Volcanic and Tectonic Landforms (Chapter 12 will also be in a future quiz)
1. Granite and basalt differ because ______.
A) Granite is extrusive and basalt is intrusive.
B) Granite is intrusive and basalt is extrusive
C) Granite is an igneous rock and basalt is a metamorphic rock
D) Basalt is an igneous rock and granite is a metamorphic rock
E) Basalt is an sedimentary rock and granite is a metamorphic rock
2. When magma inserts itself as a thin layer between the strata of existing rocks without disturbing these older layers to any great extent, it is termed a ______.
A) dikeB) sillC) stockD) plutonE) batholith
3. Rocks which are modified by heat or pressure or both are classified as ______.
A) sedimentary rocks
B) igneous rocks
C) plutonic rocks
D) metamorphic rocks
E) extrusive igneous rocks
4. Two landforms that are classified as extrusive volcanic are:
A) a dyke and sill
B) an anticline and syncline
C) a laccolith and batholith
D) a lava flow and cinder cone
E) a sill and anticline
5. Which of the following elements is the most abundant in the Earth's crust
A) SiliconB) AluminumC) IronD) OxygenE) Calcium
6. Which of the following is a mafic extrusive rock?
A) gabbroB) peridotiteC) basaltD) andesiteE) granite
7. Which of the following statements best describes mafic rocks?
A) high in calcium and iron
B) high in magnesium and iron
C) high in magnesium and feldspar
D) high in feldspar and calcium
E) high in feldspar and silica
8. Which of the following is an example of a felsic mineral?
A) quartzB) micaC) pyroxeneD) amphibole
9. Which of the following is a type of clastic sedimentary rock?
A) Limestone
B) Dolomite
C) Shale
D) Chert
E) Coal
10. Which of the following is a type of chemically precipitated rock?
A) Sandstone
B) Coal
C) Mudstone
D) Limestone
E) Conglomerate
11. Which of the following minerals is most resistant to chemical alteration?
A) quartzB) micaC) pyroxeneD) amphibole
12. Sediments accumulate in layers known as ______separated by surfaces known as ______.
A) lava / strata
B) strata / bedding planes
C) shales /planes
D) sills / shales
E) sediments / stratifications
13. Which of the following is a type of carbonate rock?
A) sandstoneB) limestoneC) coalD) rhyoliteE) basalt
14. Halite is a mineral that is commonly mined to create which of the following commodities?
A) cementB) natural gasC) limestoneD) saltE) gypsum
15. Which of the following types of rock can be split into hard flat plates?
A) slateB) schistC) quartziteD) gneissE) marble
16. What are the two sources of energy that drive the rock cycle?
A) solar radiation and the force of gravity
B) the carbon cycle and the force of gravity
C) the hydrological cycle and the carbon cycle
D) solar radiation and radiogenic heat
E) the force of gravity and the hydrological cycle
17. Which of the following features is not associated with diverging crustal plate boundaries?
A) Island arcs
B) mid-ocean ridge
C) rift valley
D) Fluid, low-silica lava
E) Lava containing significant amounts of magnesium
18. How does the age of ocean rock vary with distance from ocean ridges?
A) Only young rocks are found near the ridges with progressively older rocks appearing with distance from the ridges.
B) The oldest rocks are found adjacent to the ridges, with progressively younger rocks found with distance from the ridges.
C) All rocks in oceans basins are the same age.
D) The age of rocks varies with distance from subduction zones only.
E) The age of rocks within ocean basins varies with depth rather than distance from ocean ridges.
19. Comparatively inactive regions of very old continental rocks are referred to as:
A) continental shields
B) suspect terrains
C) alpine chains
D) mountain arcs
E) orogenic belts
20. The rocks of the oceanic crust are largely composed of ______.
A) ferrous metals
B) felsic minerals
C) granite
D) mafic minerals
E) silica only
21. The process of seafloor spreading involves the creation of new crust and its continuous movement away from its source. Which of the following serve as that source?
A) mid-oceanic ridges
B) hotspots on the ocean floor called magma oases
C) oceanic trenches, oftentimes several thousand meters below the surface of the seafloor
D) the sources are varied, with little seeming logic to their locales
22. A fold that is arch-like and has completely folded over itself is:
A) an recumbent anticline
B) an overturned syncline
C) a plunging anticline
D) a divergent anticline
E) a recumbent syncline
23. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the composition of continental crust?
A) Continental crust is composed of rocks very similar to basalt
B) Continental crust is made up entirely of mafic rocks
C) Continental crust is made up entirely of felsic rocks
D) Continental crust has a composition identical to oceanic crust
E) Continental crust is made up of both mafic and felsic rock
24. What is the approximate age of the Earth?
A) 1.9 billion years
B) 2.8 billion years
C) 3.4 billion years
D) 4.6 billion years
E) 6.5 billion years
25. If you were to move from a continental landmass out to sea, in what order would you encounter continental and ocean basin relief features?
A) continental slope, continental shelf, continental rise, abyssal plain
B) continental shelf, continental rise, continental slope, abyssal plain
C) continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise, abyssal plain
D) continental rise, continental slope, continental margin, abyssal plain
E) continental margin, continental slope, continental shelf, abyssal plain
26. The boundary between the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate is a:
A) converging boundary
B) spreading boundary
C) transform boundary
D) continental suture
E) boundary that is currently not classified
27. A fault boundary where there is horizontal motion of two adjacent plates, one sliding past the other is referred to as a:
A) rift fault
B) reverse fault
C) overthrust fault
D) transform fault
E) normal fault
28. The San Andreas fault can best be classified as a ______fault.
A) riftB) subductionC) transformD) divergentE) normal
29. Which of the following statements about reverse faults is correct?
A) Reverse faults are one type of tensional faults.
B) Normal faults are one type of reverse faults
C) The upthrown block in a reverse fault creates an overhanging scarp
D) Motion in a reverse fault is transcurrent
E) Reverse faults result in the development of strike-slip faults
30. The location inside the earth where an earthquake originates is termed its ______.
A) focusB) orogenyC) epicenterD) faceE) mineralogic substrate
31. A (an) ______is a fracture in the crustal rock involving no displacement of rock on one side of the fracture with respect to rock on the other side.
A) focusB) epicenterC) foldD) jointE) fault
32. Which of the following features may be associated with the eruption of a stratovolcano?
A) frothy basalt ejected at high pressure from the vent
B) a cinder cone
C) a glowing avalanche of hot gases and fine ash
D) a low shield-shaped volcano
E) fluid flood basalt lava flows that cover large areas
33. Another term for stratovolcano is a:
A) composite coneB) cinder coneC) calderaD) shield volcanoE) hot spot
34. Crater Lake in Oregon is an example which type of volcanic feature?
A) composite coneB) cinder coneC) calderaD) shield volcanoE) hot spot
35. Fragments ejected from a volcano ranging in size from boulders to fine dust are collectively referred to as:
A) lava
B) lahar
C) ash
D) tephra
E) pumice
36. Trough-like downfolds are referred to as:
A) synclinesB) anticlinesC) foreland foldsD) fault foldsE) normal folds
37. The surface across which movement takes place in a fault is referred to as the:
A) fault scarpB) strike-slipC) fault planeD) transcurrentE) focus
38. The Richter scale measures what characteristic of earthquakes?
A) amount of ground motion
B) quantity of energy released
C) size of displacement in the fault
D) degree of damage to local buildings
E) area over which the earthquake was detected
39. Intense earthquake activity is associated with which of the following plate boundaries?
A) converging boundary
B) spreading boundary
C) transform boundary
D) continental suture
E) boundary that is currently not classified
40. The East African Rift Valley demonstrates the early stage of the:
A) formation of a new ocean basin
B) formation of a new land mass
C) formation of a continental suture
D) formation of a transform plate boundary
E) formation of a new subduction zone
41. Frothy magma ejected under high pressure from a narrow vent is most characteristic of which type of volcano?
A) stratovolcanoB) cinder coneC) shield volcanoD) calderaE) hotspots
42. The compass direction of the line of intersection of an inclined rock plane and a horizontal plane of reference is referred to as the:
A) dipB) strikeC) bedding planeD) tiltE) ridge
43. A descending fold crest is said to:
A) SinkB) PlungeC) FlyD) DipE) Strike
44. The erosion of shield volcano would result in all of the following except:
A) newly formed volcano with a central depression
B) deeply eroded valley heads at the early stages of erosion
C) a tall volcanic neck is all that remains once the volcano is extinct
D) canyons eventually develop into steep sided amphitheaters
E) radial consequent streams cutting deep canyons once the volcano is extinct
45. The erosion of a stratovolcano would result in which of the following except?
A) newly formed volcano results in lava flows spreading into stream valleys
B) lava dams may allow the creation of a lake
C) wall-like dikes may be eroded surrounding the crater
D) Lakes remain in the caldera in the advanced stage of erosion
E) a radial drainage pattern has developed around the cone
46. The chain of Hawaiian volcanoes were created by the motion of the ______plate over a ______.
A) Nazca, trench
B) Cocos, trench
C) Cocos, hotspot
D) Pacific, hotspot
E) Hawaiian, hotspot
47. There are basically two different forms of tectonic activity. These are ______.
A) compression and extension
B) stressful and decompression
C) decompression and extensional
D) compressional and stressful
E) volcanic and compression
48. The east African Rift Valley is formed by ______.
A) compressionB) volcanismC) retraction of the crustD) stressE) extension
49. Compression leads to the folding of the crust which results in the formation of ______.
A) anticlines and synclines
B) synclines and troughs
C) upfolds and troughs
D) troughs and anticlines
E) none of the above
50. A ______in the brittle rocks of the earth's crust occurs when rocks suddenly yield to unequal stresses by fracturing.
A) breakB) faultC) crackD) scarpE) defect
______
Select two of the essays below. Use at least 3-5 good sentences to explain. You may use a hand-drawn sketch to help explain you answer. Points will be taken off if you do not answer the essays.
- Compare and contrast stratovolcanoes with shield volcanoes.
- Using examples from the Internet, show how remote sensing can contribute to our
understanding of volcanoes.
- Describe and explain the formation and impact of tsunamis.
- Describe the faulting associated with the Great African Rift Valley.
- Compare and contrast the erosion of stratovolcanoes compared to shield volcanoes.
- Compare and contrast the nature and formation of intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks.
- Describe the nature and formation of hydrocarbon compounds. How are these features
used to identify potential reserves?
- Describe the ways in which minerals may be altered in the process of weathering.
- How do collisions and ruptures contribute to the termination and initiation of plate boundaries.
- Describe the geologic timescale with reference to geological and biological changes during Earth history.