Biology Midterm-Review-Monday and Tuesday

Biology Midterm-Review-Monday and Tuesday

Multiple Choice

Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____1.Which of the following is NOT a goal of science?

a. / to investigate and understand the natural world
b. / to explain events in the natural world
c. / to establish a collection of unchanging truths
d. / to use derived explanations to make useful predictions

____2.Science differs from other disciplines, such as history and the arts, because science relies on

a. / facts.
b. / testing explanations.
c. / observations.
d. / theories.

____3.Science is best described as a

a. / set of facts.
b. / way of knowing.
c. / collection of beliefs.
d. / list of rules.

____4.The work of scientists usually begins with

a. / testing a hypothesis.
b. / careful observations.
c. / creating experiments.
d. / drawing conclusions.

____5.Information gathered from observing a plant grow 3 cm over a two-week period is called

a. / inferences.
b. / variables.
c. / hypotheses.
d. / data.

____6.A scientific hypothesis

a. / can be based on personal beliefs or opinions.
b. / can be tested by experiments or observations.
c. / does not have to be tested to be accepted as correct.
d. / is a proven fact with much evidence to support it.

____7.A theory

a. / is always true.
b. / is the opening statement of an experiment.
c. / may be revised or replaced.
d. / is a problem to be solved.

____8.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living things?

a. / growth and development
b. / ability to move
c. / response to the environment
d. / ability to reproduce

____9.The process by which organisms keep everything inside their bodies within certain limits is called

a. / homeostasis.
b. / evolution.
c. / metabolism.
d. / photosynthesis.

____10.A scientist working in which area of biology is MOST likely to study DNA?

a. / information and heredity
b. / cellular basis of life
c. / matter and energy
d. / interdependence in nature

____11.What are the smallest objects that biologists study?

a. / cells
b. / body organs
c. / molecules
d. / organisms

____12.Biologists who work in the fields of genomics and molecular biology study

a. / the biosphere
b. / diseases
c. / DNA
d. / trees

____13.The basic unit of length in the metric system is the

a. / gram.
b. / liter.
c. / yard.
d. / meter.

____14.How many meters are in 2.4 km?

a. / 240
b. / 2,400
c. / 24,000
d. / 240,000

____15.The three particles that make up atoms are

a. / protons, neutrons, and isotopes.
b. / neutrons, isotopes, and electrons.
c. / positives, negatives, and neutrals.
d. / protons, neutrons, and electrons.

____16.If an atom contains 3 protons, 4 neutrons, and 3 electrons, its mass number is

a. / 3.
b. / 4.
c. / 7.
d. / 11.

____17.Which of the following makes up a molecule of water?

a. / one atom of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen
b. / one atom of sodium and one atom of chlorine
c. / one atom of hydrogen and two atoms of oxygen
d. / two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen

____18.What type of electron is available to form bonds?

a. / valence
b. / nucleus
c. / ionic
d. / covalent

____19.What type of ion forms when an atom loses electrons?

a. / neutral
b. / positive
c. / negative
d. / radioactive

____20.A solution is a

a. / combination of isotopes.
b. / chemical reaction.
c. / mixture in which the substances are evenly spread out.
d. / mixture in which undissolved substances do not settle out.

____21.A map of eastern North America, showing the pH of rainfall in the various states, indicates that the pH of rain in New York State varies from 4.22 to 4.40. According to these figures, the most acidic rainfall in New York State has a pH of

a. / 4.22.
b. / 4.30.
c. / 4.35.
d. / 4.40.

Figure 2–2

____22.What kinds of atoms are bonded to carbon atoms in the molecule shown in Figure 2–2?

a. / helium, oxygen, and nitrogen
b. / calcium, hydrogen, and oxygen
c. / hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
d. / helium, carbon, and sodium

____23.When hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water, water is

a. / a product.
b. / a reactant.
c. / an enzyme.
d. / a catalyst.

____24.Identify the reactant(s) in the chemical reaction, CO2 + H2O  H2CO3.

a. / CO2, H2O, and H2CO3
b. / CO2 and H2O
c. / H2CO3
d. / CO2

____25.The energy needed to get a reaction started is the

a. / adhesion energy.
b. / activation energy.
c. / cohesion energy.
d. / chemical energy.

____26.A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction is called

a. / a catalyst.
b. / a lipid.
c. / a molecule.
d. / an element.

____27.What advance in technology made the discovery of cells possible?

a. / the centrifuge
b. / the particle accelerator
c. / the ultraviolet light
d. / the microscope

____28.Which of the following is NOT a principle of the cell theory?

a. / Cells are the basic units of life.
b. / All living things are made of cells.
c. / Very few cells are able to reproduce.
d. / All cells are produced from existing cells.

____29.Which of the following enclose their DNA in a nucleus?

a. / prokaryotes
b. / bacteria
c. / eukaryotes
d. / viruses

____30.Which of the following organisms are prokaryotes?

a. / plants
b. / animals
c. / bacteria
d. / fungi

____31.Which of the following is a function of the nucleus?

a. / stores DNA
b. / stores sugars
c. / builds proteins
d. / packages proteins

____32.Which of the following best describes the relationship between the nucleus and the cytoplasm?

a. / The cytoplasm is a fluid that fills the inside of the nucleus.
b. / The cytoplasm is an organelle that is usually found near the nucleus.
c. / The nucleus is an organelle that is surrounded by the cytoplasm.
d. / The nucleus is a fluid and it mixes with the fluid cytoplasm.

____33.Which organelle breaks down organelles that are no longer useful?

a. / Golgi apparatus
b. / lysosome
c. / endoplasmic reticulum
d. / mitochondrion

____34.Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton?

a. / helps a cell keep its shape
b. / contains DNA
c. / surrounds the cell
d. / helps make proteins

Figure 7–3

____35.Which structure in the cell shown in Figure 7–3 above modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials for storage or release from the cell?

a. / structure A
b. / structure B
c. / structure C
d. / structure D

____36.Which organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use?

a. / chloroplast
b. / Golgi apparatus
c. / endoplasmic reticulum
d. / mitochondrion

____37.Which organelle would you expect to find in plant cells but not animal cells?

a. / mitochondrion
b. / ribosome
c. / chloroplast
d. / smooth endoplasmic reticulum

____38.The primary function of the cell wall is to

a. / support and protect the cell.
b. / store DNA.
c. / direct the activities of the cell.
d. / help the cell move.

____39.Unlike the cell membrane, the cell wall is

a. / found in all organisms.
b. / composed of a lipid bilayer.
c. / selectively permeable.
d. / a rigid structure.

____40.Which of the following is a function of the cell membrane?

a. / breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from foods
b. / stores water, salt, proteins, and carbohydrates
c. / keeps the cell wall in place
d. / regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell

Figure 7–4

____41.Which means of particle transport is shown in Figure 7–4 above?

a. / diffusion
b. / osmosis
c. / facilitated diffusion
d. / active transport

____42.Which term describes the relatively constant internal physical conditions of an organism?

a. / cell specialization
b. / homeostasis
c. / organ system
d. / unicellularity

____43.Which of the following is an example of an organ?

a. / heart
b. / epithelial tissue
c. / digestive system
d. / nerve cell

____44.A group of similar cells that perform a particular function is called

a. / an organ.
b. / an organ system.
c. / a tissue.
d. / a division of labor.

____45.What are the three parts of an ATP molecule?

a. / adenine, thylakoid, and a phosphate group
b. / stroma, grana, and chlorophyll
c. / adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups
d. / NADH, NADPH, and FADH2

Figure 8–1

____46.Look at Figure 8–1. All of the following are parts of an ADP molecule EXCEPT

a. / structure A.
b. / structure B.
c. / structure C.
d. / structure D.

____47.Which structures shown in Figure 8–1 make up an ATP molecule?

a. / A and B
b. / A, B, and C
c. / A, B, C, and D
d. / C and D

____48.In Figure 8–1, between which parts of the molecule must the bonds be broken to form an ADP molecule?

a. / A and B
b. / A and C
c. / B and C
d. / C and D

____49.Organisms, such as plants, that make their own food are called

a. / autotrophs.
b. / heterotrophs.
c. / thylakoids.
d. / pigments.

____50.Organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain energy from external sources are called

a. / autotrophs.
b. / heterotrophs.
c. / thylakoids.
d. / plants.

____51.Which of the following organisms makes its own food using light energy from the sun?

a. / mushroom
b. / amoeba
c. / leopard
d. / oak

____52.What happens during photosynthesis?

a. / Heterotrophs consume ATP.
b. / Heterotrophs produce ATP.
c. / Autotrophs consume carbohydrates.
d. / Autotrophs produce carbohydrates.

____53.Most plants appear green because chlorophyll

a. / absorbs green light.
b. / absorbs violet light.
c. / does not absorb green light.
d. / does not absorb violet light.

____54.A student is collecting the gas given off from a plant in bright sunlight at a temperature of 27°C. The gas being collected is probably

a. / oxygen.
b. / carbon dioxide.
c. / ATP.
d. / glucose.

____55.Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into

a. / oxygen and carbon.
b. / high-energy sugars and proteins.
c. / ATP and oxygen.
d. / oxygen and high-energy sugars.

A. B.

Figure 8–4

____56.In Figure 8–4, why might the candle in jar A burn longer than the candle in jar B?

a. / Carbon dioxide produced by the plant allows the candle to burn longer.
b. / Chlorophyll produced by the plant allows the candle to burn longer.
c. / Glucose produced by the plant allows the candle to burn longer.
d. / Oxygen produced by the plant allows the candle to burn longer.

____57.What is a product of the Calvin cycle?

a. / oxygen gas
b. / ATP
c. / high-energy sugars
d. / carbon dioxide gas

____58.How does the Calvin cycle differ from the light-dependent reactions?

a. / It takes place in the stroma.
b. / It takes place in chloroplasts.
c. / It requires light.
d. / It requires water.

Figure 8–5

____59.In which experimental setup shown above would you expect the Elodea plant inside the test tube to produce the LEAST amount of oxygen?

a. / A
b. / B
c. / C
d. / D

Figure 8–6

____60.Imagine that y-axis of each graph in Figure 8–6 describes the rate of photosynthesis. Which of the graphs represents the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis?

a. / A
b. / B
c. / C
d. / D

____61.Imagine that y-axis of each graph in Figure 8–6 describes the rate of photosynthesis. Which of the graphs represents the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?

a. / A
b. / B
c. / C
d. / D

____62.Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down

a. / food molecules.
b. / ATP.
c. / carbon dioxide.
d. / water.

____63.What are the reactants in the equation for cellular respiration?

a. / oxygen and lactic acid
b. / carbon dioxide and water
c. / glucose and oxygen
d. / water and glucose

____64.Which of these is a product of cellular respiration?

a. / oxygen
b. / water
c. / glucose
d. / lactic acid

____65.Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requires

a. / light.
b. / exercise.
c. / oxygen.
d. / glucose.

____66.Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as cellular respiration is to

a. / chloroplasts.
b. / cytoplasm.
c. / mitochondria.
d. / nuclei.

____67.Glycolysis provides a cell with a net gain of

a. / 2 ATP molecules.
b. / 4 ATP molecules.
c. / 18 ATP molecules.
d. / 36 ATP molecules.

____68.The starting molecule for glycolysis is

a. / ADP.
b. / pyruvic acid.
c. / citric acid.
d. / glucose.

____69.In eukaryotes, electron transport occurs in the

a. / inner mitochondrial membrane.
b. / nucleus.
c. / cell membrane.
d. / cytoplasm.

____70.Cellular respiration uses 1 molecule of glucose to produce approximately

a. / 2 ATP molecules.
b. / 4 ATP molecules.
c. / 32 ATP molecules.
d. / 36 ATP molecules.

____71.The air bubbles and spongy texture of bread are due to which process?

a. / lactic acid fermentation
b. / glycolysis
c. / alcoholic fermentation
d. / the Krebs cycle

____72.Breathing heavily after running a race is your body’s way of

a. / making more citric acid.
b. / repaying an oxygen debt.
c. / restarting glycolysis.
d. / stopping the electron transport chain.

____73.If you want to control your weight, how long should you exercise aerobically each time that you exercise?

a. / at least 90 seconds
b. / less than 15 minutes
c. / 15 to 20 minutes
d. / more than 20 minutes

____74.The energy needed to win a 1-minute footrace is produced mostly by

a. / lactic acid fermentation.
b. / cellular respiration.
c. / using up stores of ATP.
d. / breaking down fats.

____75.The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called

a. / cell division.
b. / metaphase.
c. / interphase.
d. / mitosis.

____76.An advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is that sexual reproduction

a. / takes less time
b. / requires more time
c. / provides genetic diversity
d. / produces identical offspring

____77.Which of the following lists structures from smallest to largest?

a. / chromosome, supercoil, coil, nucleosome, double helix
b. / chromosome, coil, double helix, nucleosome, supercoil
c. / double helix, nucleosome, coil, supercoil, chromosome
d. / nucleosome, coil, double helix, chromosome, supercoil

____78.When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible?

a. / only during interphase
b. / only when they are being replicated
c. / only during cell division
d. / only during the G1 phase

____79.The stages of cell division in sequence are:

a. / pmait
b. / iptam
c. / impat
d. / ipmat

____80.Which event occurs during interphase?

a. / The cytoplasm divides.
b. / Centrioles duplicate.
c. / Spindle fibers begin to form.
d. / Centromeres divide.

Animal Cell

Figure 10–4

____81.In Figure 10–4, what role does structure A play in mitosis?

a. / replicate DNA
b. / increase cell volume
c. / connect to spindle fibers
d. / dissolve nuclear envelope

Figure 10–5

____82.The structures labeled B in Figure 10–5 are called

a. / centromeres.
b. / centrioles.
c. / sister chromatids.
d. / spindles.

____83.During which phase(s) of mitosis are structures like the one shown in Figure 10–5 visible?

a. / anaphase only
b. / prophase, metaphase, and anaphase
c. / metaphase only
d. / anaphase and interphase

____84.Which of the following is a phase of mitosis?

a. / cytokinesis
b. / interphase
c. / prophase
d. / S phase

____85.During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the dividing cell?

a. / prophase
b. / telophase
c. / metaphase
d. / anaphase

____86.What is the role of the spindle fibers during mitosis?

a. / They help separate the chromosomes.
b. / They break down the nuclear membrane.
c. / They duplicate the DNA.
d. / They make the chromosomes visible.

____87.One difference between cell division in plant cells and in animal cells is that plant cells have

a. / centrioles.
b. / centromeres.
c. / a cell plate.
d. / chromatin.

____88.What is inside a bacteriophage?

a. / protein
b. / nucleic acid
c. / lipid
d. / carbohydrate

____89.What do bacteriophages infect?

a. / mice.
b. / humans.
c. / viruses.
d. / bacteria.

Figure 12–1

____90.Which part of the bacteriophage in Figure 12–1 contains genetic material?

a. / A
b. / B
c. / C
d. / D

____91.What stores information in a cell?

a. / proteins
b. / carbohydrates
c. / lipids
d. / DNA

____92.In what way is DNA like a book?

a. / DNA has information organized with an kind of index.
b. / DNA has stored information, that can be copied and passed on.
c. / DNA has information wrapped in an identifying cover.
d. / DNA has information that is periodically updated.

Figure 12–2

____93.Figure 12–2 shows the structure of

a. / a DNA molecule.
b. / an amino acid.
c. / a RNA molecule.
d. / a protein.

____94.Because of base pairing in DNA, the percentage of

a. / adenine molecules in DNA is about equal to the percentage of guanine molecules.
b. / thymine molecules in DNA is about equal to the percentage of adenine molecules
c. / adenine molecules in DNA is much greater than the percentage of thymine molecules.
d. / cytosine molecules in DNA is much greater than the percentage of guanine molecules.
Nitrogenous Bases (%)
A / G / T / C
Human / 19.9 / 29.4
Chicken / 28.8 / 21.5
Bacterium
(S. lutea) / 2
13.4

Figure 12–3

____95.The table in Figure 12–3 shows the results of measuring the percentages of the four bases in the DNA of several different organisms. Some of the values are missing from the table. Based on Chargaff’s rule, the percentages of guanine bases in chicken DNA should be around

a. / 28.8%
b. / 19.9%
c. / 21.5%
d. / 13.4%

____96.Which scientist(s) figured out that the shape of a DNA molecule is a double helix?

a. / Hershey and Chase
b. / Griffith
c. / Watson and Crick
d. / Franklin

Figure 12–4

____97.The table in Figure 12–4 shows the percentages of bases in a DNA sample. How much Thymine should you expect to find in the sample?

a. / 22%
b. / 24%
c. / 28%
d. / 44%

____98.What would happen to the percentage of G in Figure 12–4 if the percentage of A rose to 25%?

a. / G would drop to 19%
b. / G would drop to 25%
c. / G would rise to 29%
d. / G would rise to 32%

____99.Which of the following forms a base pair with thymine?

a. / deoxyribose
b. / adenine
c. / guanine
d. / cytosine

____100.Watson and Crick discovered the two strands in DNA

a. / run in perpendicular directions.
b. / run in the same direction.
c. / run in opposite directions.
d. / run in random directions.

____101.DNA replication results in two DNA molecules,

a. / each with two new strands.
b. / one with two new strands and the other with two original strands.
c. / each with one new strand and one original strand.
d. / each with two original strands.

____102.During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases CTAGGT produces a strand with the bases

a. / TCGAAC.
b. / GATCCA.
c. / AGCTTG.
d. / GAUCCA.

Figure 12–5

____103.In Figure 12–5, what nucleotide is going to be added at point 1, opposite from thymine?

a. / adenine
b. / thymine
c. / cytosine
d. / guanine

____104.In eukaryotes, DNA

a. / is located in the nucleus.
b. / floats freely in the cytoplasm.
c. / is located in the ribosomes.
d. / is circular.

____105.RNA contains the sugar

a. / ribose.
b. / deoxyribose.
c. / glucose.
d. / lactose.

____106.Unlike DNA, RNA contains

a. / adenine.
b. / uracil.
c. / phosphate groups.
d. / thymine.

____107.Which of the following are found in both DNA and RNA?

a. / ribose, phosphate groups, and adenine
b. / deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and guanine
c. / phosphate groups, guanine, and cytosine
d. / phosphate groups, guanine, and thymine

____108.Which type of RNA brings the information in the genetic code from the nucleus to other parts of the cell?

a. / rRNA
b. / tRNA
c. / mRNA
d. / RNA polymerase

____109.Which of the following is true of transcription?

a. / In eukaryotes, transcription takes place in the cytoplasm and requires many enzymes.
b. / RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to specific regions of the DNA called introns.
c. / RNA editing removes the exons from pre-mRNA, leaving only the introns in the final molecule.
d. / RNA polymerase can make many molecules of RNA from a single DNA sequence.

____110.Which molecules are involved in protein synthesis?

a. / transfer RNA, introns, and mutagens
b. / messenger RNA, introns, and ribosomal RNA
c. / ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, and mutagens
d. / messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA

____111.From which molecules are mRNA molecules transcribed?

a. / tRNA
b. / rRNA
c. / DNA
d. / proteins

____112.What is produced during transcription?

a. / RNA molecules
b. / DNA molecules
c. / RNA polymerase
d. / proteins

Figure 13–2

____113.What does Figure 13–2 show?

a. / anticodons
b. / exons
c. / introns
d. / the genetic code

____114.How many nucleotides are needed to specify three amino acids?

a. / 3
b. / 6
c. / 9
d. / 12

Figure 13–3

____115.In Figure 13–3, which amino acid is specified by the mRNA code CCC?

a. / Gly
b. / Lys
c. / Ala
d. / Pro

____116.What happens during translation?

a. / Messenger RNA is made from a DNA code.
b. / The cell uses a messenger RNA code to make proteins.
c. / Transfer RNA is made from a messenger RNA code.
d. / Copies of DNA molecules are made.

____117.Which is the correct sequence of the transfer of information in most organisms?