1. the Dependent Variable Is Found on Which Axis and in Which Direction Does It Run?

1. The dependent variable is found on which axis and in which direction does it run?

Y axis and it runs vertical (up and down)

2. The independent variable is found on which axis and in which direction does it run?

X axis and it runs horizontal (left to right)

3. In an experiment, what is the name of the variable that the scientist keeps constant throughout AND is used as a comparison to what is being tested?

Control Variable

4. In an experiment, the variable that is measured and depends on the independent variable is called? Dependent Variable

5. When conducting an experiment the variable that the scientist changes is the?

Independent Variable (Remember: I change)

6. A description using the senses, refers to which Science Inquiry Skill? Give an example.Observation

I observe a big, red present under the green, Christmas tree.

7. A statement that tells what may happen in the future, refers to which Inquiry Skill? Prediction *Give an example.I predict that Santa Claus is going to be very good to me this year.

8. An educated guess that requires previous experiences/knowledge and is usually based off anobservation, refers to which Science Inquiry Skill? *Give an example.

Inference. I infer that because my dad had an open fire going, that he roasted chestnuts.

9. The following paragraph is an example of which type of data? Qualitative Data

Dashing through the white, billowy snow. I rode in a big, wooden, open sleigh, Climbing over the tall, steep hills I would go, hysterically laughing all the way. (HA! HA! HA!)

*Give your own example:The smell of chocolate chip cookies baking, the sound of jingle bells ringing and the heat from the glowing, crackling fire, reminds me of Christmas.

10. The following are all types of which type of data? Quantitative Data.

1. There are 8 reindeer pulling St. Nick's sled.

2. The elf was 4 feet and 3 inches tall.

3. Santa Claus must weigh 325 pounds after eating so many cookies.

*Give your own example:

There are 25 ornaments on the 6-foot tall tree.

11. The following are all examples of which type of data? BOTH, QuantitativeQualitative Data

1. There is onePartridge in the Pear Tree.

2. There are 2Turtle Doves.

3. There are 3French Hens.

4. There are 4Calling Birds.

5. There are FIVEGOLDEN RINGS.

*Give your own example:

The Grinch stole 3 toy trucks, 5 baby dolls and 1 bike and stuffed them into his brown, oversized bag.

12. A type of observation/data that is collected by using the 5 senses.

QuaLitative Data (QuaLity of something)

13. A type of observation that requires numbers, measurements, etc. to describe something. This observation will tell us "how many." QuaNtitative Data (QuaNtity of something)

*Instrument:Triple Beam Balance / *Instrument: Spring Scale / *Instrument: Beaker
Measures:Mass (kg) / Measures: Force (N) / Measures:Volume of Liquid (mL)

14. The diagram represents which type of atomic model? Lewis Dots Diagram

15. The diagram represents which type of atomic model?Bohr Model

* What is the difference between the two atomic models in questions 14 and 15?

Lewis Dots shows number of valence electrons ONLY. Bohr Model shows everything - # of electrons, # of protons, # of neutrons and how many electron shells

16. NaCl and MgO are both examples of which type of bond? How do you know?

Ionic Bond. In the compound, NaCl – Na is a metal, Cl is a nonmetal. In the compound MgO – M is a metal, O is a nonmetal. Ionic bonds occur between metals and nonmetals.

17. H20, CH4, and CO2 are all examples of which type of bond? How do you know?

Covalent Bond. In all 3 compounds, all elements are nonmetals. Covalent bonds occur between nonmetals and nonmetals.

18. List the characteristics of a covalent bond.

Shares valence electrons
Occurs between NM + NM

/ 19. List the characteristics of an ionic bond.

Transfers valence electrons
Occurs between M + NM
M are looking to lose valence electrons
NM are looking to gain valence electrons
Positive and negative attract

20. What two particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?protons & neutrons.

21. Valence electronsare responsible for bonding with other atoms.

22. The atomic number tells us the number of which 2 particles in the atom of an element. protons & electrons

* Atomic number = number of protons, Electrons = number of protons, Neutrons are calculated by subtracting atomic number from the rounded atomic mass.

23. Which element helps humans form strong bones? Calcium

24. Which element is used to make computer chips because it is an excellent semi-conductor AND is also found in sand? Silicon

25. Which element forms diamonds after many years under pressure and also forms the graphite on your pencil lead? Carbon

26. Which element makes life on Earth possible and is essential for breathing? Oxygen

27. Which element is poisonous to humans but was once used in thermometers? Mercury

28. There are 18 of these on the PTE, but when we talk about bonding there are 8 AND they are found in columns? 18 Families/8 Groups (Bonding)

29. There are 7 of these found on the PTE and each one represents how many electron shells an atom of an element has. Periods

30. When elements in a family share similar properties based on the number of valence electrons, they are found in a column/group on the PTE. What is meant by “similar properties?” refers to same number of valence electrons in each group & how reactive elements in are.

31. How is the modern PTE organized? Increasing atomic number.

32. List 5 properties of nonmetals.
Brittle
Dull luster
Poor conductors of heat & electricity
Found to right of zip zag line
Not ductile
Not malleable / 33. List 5 properties of metals on the PTE.
Hard
Shiny Luster
Good conductors of heat & electricity
Found to left of zig zag line
Ductile
Malleable
34. O, H, Be, Ne are all examples of? Elements
Definition: Elements: a substance made from only ONE type of atom. / 35. H20 and NaCl are examples of? Compounds
Definition: Compound: a substance made from two or more elements that have reacted chemically

36. What is formed when two or more elements are combined? Compound

37. Matter in its simplest form and cannot be broken down any further refers to a/an Atom

38. Rusting statue, burning a match mixing red bull milk are all examples of?Chemical Change

39. Melting snow and making a paper snowflake are both examples of? Physical Changes

40. List 4 properties of a chemical change.

Change in Temperature
Change in Color
Noticeable Odor (after reaction has begun)
New substance is formed
Formation of Bubbles

/ 41. List 4 properties of a physical change.

Can be reversed
No new substance is formed
Change in state of matter
Used to observe and describe matter

42. How should the following equation be classified? Double replacement

Na2SO4 + CaCl2 --> NaCl + CaSO4

Justify your answer:the Cl switches from the Ca to the Na and the SO4 switches from the Na to the Ca.

43. How should the following equation be classified?Decomposition

CaCO3 --->CaO + CO2

Justify your answer: the reactant, CaCO3 has broken down to form two simpler products, CaO and CO2.

44. How should the following equation be classified?Single Replacement

Fe + H2O --> Fe3O4 + H2

Justify your answer: Because the O has switched from the H to the Fe

45. How should the following equation be classified?Synthesis

Na + Cl ---> NaCl

Justify your answer: Because the two reactants Na and Cl have combined to form a more complex product, NaCl

46. How should Prancer and Dancer classify the following equation?Decomposition

CaCO3 ---> CaO + CO2

Justify your answer: the reactant, CaCO3 has broken down to form two simpler products, CaO and CO2.

47. In the following equation, which substances are the products?
CaCO3 ---> CaO + CO2
Define products: The substances that occur after reaction has taken place, the substances you end up with; found to the right of the arrow. / 48. In the following equation, which substances are the reactants?
CaCO3 ---> CaO + CO2
Define reactants: The substances that occur beforethe reaction takes place, the substances you begin with; found to the left of the arrow.

49. Prancer and Dancer were researching chemical reactions. They read that if you heat a small amount of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), it will produce calcium oxide (CaO) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Which chemical equation correctly describes this reaction?

A. H2O + CO2 CaCO3

B. CaCO3 CaO + CO2

C. CaO + CO CaCO3

D. HCl + H2 ZnCl2

50. Is the formation of rust a synthesis or decomposition reaction? Explain.

51. If Fe2O3 is the product, which of the following chemical equations shows the reaction?

a. 4Fe + 3O2Fe2O3b. 4Fe + CO2Fe2O3 c. 4Fe + 2H2O2Fe2O3

Explain.*The answer is NOT B because there is Carbon (C) in the reactants but NOT theproducts. The answer is NOT C because there is Hydrogen (H) in the reactants but NOT the products.

52. When investigating changes to a wagon left in the snow, Frosty the Snowman saw the wagon had rusted. The product of the reaction was Fe2O3. Is the formation of rust a physical or chemical change? Why?Chemical, because when Iron (Fe) reacts with Oxygen (O), a new substance is formed and cannot be changed back to its original state.

53. What does the Law of Conservation of Mass state?Matter cannot be created nor destroyed. *The mass of the reactants has to equal the mass of the products after a chemical reaction

54. In a chemical equation, what number tells us how many ATOMS of an element are in one molecule? subscript Big number or little number? (circle one)

55. In a chemical equation, which number tells us how many MOLECULES are involved in a chemical reaction? coefficient Big number or little number? (circle one)

56. Products are the substances that you end up with in a chemical reaction and are found to the right of the arrow.

57. Reactants are the substances that you begin with in a chemical reaction and are found to the left of the arrow.

58. Would 8 or 14 be the stronger base on the pH scale? 14

59. Would 0 or 6 be the stronger acid on a pH scale? 0

60. A neutral, such as water, would register as what number on the pH scale? 7

61 A numeric scale with values from 0-14 that Scientists use to identify strong and weak acids and bases. pH scale

62. What is an indicator? An indicator is a compound that changes color when it comes in contact with an acid or base. Litmus paper is used to identify acids and bases. (shows us by color change)pH paper is used to identify the exact pH of a substance.

63 Litmus paper, pH paper and cabbage juice are all examples of an? Indicators

64. Characteristics of an Acid / 65. Characteristics of a Base
Turns blue litmus paper red
0-6 on pH scale
Corrosive
Tastes sour
Positively charged hydrogen ions (H+) / Turns red litmus paper blue
8-14 on pH scale
Not corrosive
Tastes bitter
Negatively charged hydrogen ions (H-)
Feels slippery

(The following will not be on Plickers game, they are not numbered)

Do the following to the pH scale below:1. Label the Acid side of scale. 2. Label the Base side of the pH scale. 3. Label Neutral 4. Add the following substances to the scale based on their pH.

a.Stomach acid (1)b.Lemon juice (2)c.Soda (4)d. Saliva (6)e.Water (7)

f.Baking soda (9)g.Antacids (10)h.Oven cleaner(13)

0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10 / 11 / 12 / 13 / 14

*Acids are getting stronger * Bases are getting stronger

*What range of numbers on the pH scale identifies bases8-14

*What range of numbers on the pH scale identifies acids0-6

*Look at the scale above, which substance is an example of a strong acid? Explain.

Stomach acid is a strong acid because it registers a 1 on the pH scale.

*Look at the scale above, which substance is an example of a strong base? Explain.

Oven cleaner is a strong base because it registers a 13 on the pH scale.

*Complete the “Litmus Paper Poem”Complete the “pH scale poem.”

Acids turn blue litmus paper _redAcids are found on the __left

Bases turn red litmus paper blue Bases are found on the _right

Neutrals make the paper stay the _same Neutral is in the _middle

They show up on the pH scale too.The colors are really bright.

66. A bottle top is an example of which simple machine scew

67. A butter knife is an example of which simple machine?wedge

68. A ramp is an example of which simple machine Inclined Plane

69. A doorknob is an example of which simple machine? Wheel and axle

70. A crane is an example of which simple machine? Pulley

71. A wheelbarrow is an example of which simple machine? lever

72. If a Santa's sleigh is moved 40 meters and 60 Newtons of force is needed to move the sleigh, what amount of work has been done? Show your work in all 3 steps.

73. What is the formula for calculating workW=FD

*Unit of measure for work? J Unit of measure for force F Unit of measure for distancem

74. When calculating net forces on an object, if the arrows are going in the same direction, you add

75. When calculating net forces, you subtractif arrows are going in opposite directions.

76. How would you total the net force of the object? and what direction will the object go?

77. . Santa Claus is holding a rope that is tied to his reindeer. He is pulling on the rope with a force of 200N, the reindeer are pulling against him with a force of 450N. What is the net force being applied to the rope? Draw out this scenario using a box and arrows & calculate your answer.

78. If Scrooge pushes a table with a force of 30N, and the Ghost of Christmas Past pushes back on the table with a force of 30N, what is the net force being applied to the table. Draw out this scenario using a box and arrows & calculate your answer.

30N

79. If an object is experiencing a balanced force, it is said that it has a net force of? zero*Describe the motion of an object that is experiencing a balanced force - ______.

80. How do you know an object is experiencing unbalanced forces it is moving

*Draw the motion for decelerating on a distance/time graph
/ *Draw the motion for decelerating on a speed/time graph
*Draw the motion for accelerating on a distance/time graph
/ *Draw the motion for accelerating on a speed/time graph
*Draw the motion for constant speed on a distance/time graph

/ *Draw the motion for constant speed on a speed/time graph
*Draw the motion for at rest on a distance/time graph

/ *Draw the motion for at rest on a speed/time graph

83. Buddy the Elf takes 50 minutes to walk 2km to his friend, Jovie's house. The return trip takes him only 30 minutes. What was Buddy the Elf's speed? Show the 3 steps.

S = DS= 4kmS= 0.1 km/min (Rounded from 0.05)

T 80min

84. It takes The Grinch 20 seconds to chase Cindy Lou Who 50m. What is The Grinch's speed? Show the 3 steps.

S = DS= 50mS= 2.5m/s

T 20s

85. What is the formula used to calculate time?T=D/S

86 What is the formula used to calculate the distance of an object?D=SxT

87. What is the formula used to calculate speed (average speed)? S=D/T

88. Which law applies the best to the following situation? A large rock rolls faster down a hill than a smaller rock. 2nd

89. Which law applies the best to the following situation? The gas from the backend of the space shuttle pushes down so the space shuttle can go up. 3rd

90. Which law applies the best to the following situations? An 18wheeler needs more gas than the truck next to it as they leave a stoplight.2nd

91. Which law applies the best to the following situations? Your bike hits a wall and stops but you fly forwards over the handlebars and over the wall. 1st

92. Which law applies the best to the following situations? A frog pushes against the ground to jump up and catch a fly for dinner.3rd

93. Which Newton's Law does the statement refer to? The acceleration of an object is dependent upon the mass of the object and the force acting on the object. (F=MA)2nd

94. Which Newton's Law does the statement refer to? An object in motion stays in motion, an object at rest stays at rest, until acted upon by an outside force.1st

95. Which Newton's Law does the statement refer to: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. 3rd

96. Restate each of the laws in your OWN words to enhance your understanding.

1st Law / 2nd Law / 3rd Law

97. Make up your own scenario for each of Newton’s Laws.

1st Law / 2nd Law / 3rd Law
if you threw a ball up it would go on forever in the direction you threw it and at the speed you threw it, unless it got hit / The mass of a Hummer is much greater than a Smart Car which means that it requires more force to accelerate it at the same amount / When a man jumps from a boat to the shore, the boat moves away from him. The force he exerts on the boat (action) is responsible for its motion and his motion to the shore is due to the force of reaction exerted by the boat on him.

Memorize the following diagrams, you may draw these on your exam.