Course Title: Environmental Engineering -I

The University of Lahore

Department of Civil Engineering

Course Title: Environmental Engineering -I

Course Code: CE 3602

Credit Hours: 4 (3 hrs of lecture and 3 hrs of lab/design )

Pre-Requisite: Fluid Mechanics

Course Instructor:Prof. Dr Muhammad Zulfiqar Ali Khan

Room: to be allotted

Instructor Office Hours

Days / Time / Time / Tel. Ext. No. / Email
Monday / 9am / 4pm / 1800
Tuesday / 9am / 4pm / 1800
Wednesday / 9am / 4pm / 1800
Thursday / 9am / 4pm / 1800
Friday / 9am / 4pm / 1800

Course Objectives / Description:

Objective:

•To learn principles of environmental engineering and inculcate abilities for design and implementation of water supply schemes.

Course Contents:

Introduction to Environmental Engineering

Water Pollution: Water chemistry and characteristics, Introduction to sourcesof pollution, Effects on water quality, Control parameters.

Water Demand and Supply: Population Forecast; Water uses &consumption; Types and variations in demand; Maximum demand & fire demand.

Water Quality: Water impurities & their health significance; Water qualityguidelines / standards (U.S. & WHO, etc); water quality monitoring.

Water Sampling and Testing: Sampling techniques and examination of water(physical, chemical and microbiological parameters), Water borne diseases.

Water Treatment: Treatment of surface & ground water, screening,sedimentation, coagulation, Filtration, design aspects of slow sand and rapid sand filters; and their operations, Pressure filters

Miscellaneous Water Treatment Techniques: Fluoridation, Iron &Manganese removal; Water softening methods; Water disinfection and chemicals; Chlorination; Emergency treatment methods.

Water Distribution: Layout and design of water transmission works anddistribution networks, service reservoirs, Fixtures and their installation; Tapping of water mains, Urban and Rural Water Supply.

Introduction to Air & Noise Pollution

Recommended Text Book:

1. Terence J. McGhee, Water Supply and Sewerage, 6thPP edition, McGraw Hill

Additional Books Recommended

1. Mackenzie L. Davis, David A. Cornwell, Introduction to Environmental Engineering, McGraw-Hill,

1. Howard S. Peavy, D.R. Rowe, George Tchobanoglous, Environmental Engineering McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.; 7thRev Ed edition
2. Warren Viessman,Jr., and Mark Hammer , water Supply and Pollution Control, Fourth Edition, Harper and Row, Publishers, New York.

Week Wise Topics (Syllabus break down in weeks)

Weeks / Topics / Assignments / Quizzes
1,2,3 / Introduction to Environmental Engineering: Definition of environment, factors affecting environment; environmental engineering;sources of environmental pollution ( water, air, soil) ; impact on health; global,regional and national environmental problems.
FIRST ONE HOUR QUIZZ / x
4,5 / Water Pollution: Water chemistry and characteristics, Introduction to sourcesof pollution, Effects on water quality, Control parameters.
6,7 / Water Demand and Supply: Population Forecast; Water uses &consumption; Types and variations in demand; Maximum demand & fire demand.
FIRST ASSIGNMENT / x
8,9 / Water Quality: Water impurities & their health significance; Water qualityguidelines / standards (U.S. & WHO, etc); water quality monitoring.
MID TERM EXAM
10,11 / Water Sampling and Testing: Sampling techniques and examination of water(physical, chemical and microbiological parameters), Water borne diseases.
12,13 / Water Treatment: Treatment of surface & ground water, screening,sedimentation, coagulation, Filtration, design aspects of slow sand and rapid sand filters; and their operations, Pressure filters
SECOND ONE HOUR QUIZZ / x
14,15 / Miscellaneous Water Treatment Techniques: Fluoridation, Iron &Manganese removal; Water softening methods; Water disinfection and chemicals; Chlorination; Emergency treatment methods.
SECOND ASSIGNMENT / x
16,17 / Water Distribution: Layout and design of water transmission works anddistribution networks, service reservoirs, Fixtures and their installation; Tapping of water mains, Urban and Rural Water Supply.
18 / Introduction to Air & Noise Pollution
Review Session
FINAL EXAM

+++++Overhead projector and multi-media equipment are needed for the theory lectures as well as lab. experiments/ design problems..

Grading Policy:

Assignments10%

Quizzes10%

Lab Work/Design20%

Mid-Term20%

Final-Term 40%

The student must obtain 50% or higher scores in both the Lab. as well as Theoryin order to get a final passing grade

++++ computer Lab. may be needed for training/ application of relevant software to the students.

Attendance Policy:

All students must have minimum of 75 % attendance to be eligible to appear in the final exam.

Introduction to Environmental Egineering( weeks 1,2, and 3)

Environment

theplace or surroundings inwhichpeople are born, live, play, study andwork, includingallthephysicalconditionsthataffectthem. For Example

Weneedtocreateasafeworkingenvironmentforallemployees.

Hegrewupinaharshurbanenvironment.

Adirtyenvironmentisabreedinggroundforgerms.

Health

is a stateof complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of diseaseor infirmity ( WHO Definition of Health)

Water Cycle

Water is life .Earth is the water planet with more than two-thirds of its surface covered by water. Most of life on Earth is also primarily composed of water; our cells, and those of plants and animals are composed of approximately 70 percent water. Vast quantities of water also cycle through the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, land, and biosphere over both short and long time scales. This grand cycling of water is called the hydrologic cycle. The cycling of water shapes our weather and climate, supports plant growth, and makes life itself possible. The water cycle is dominated by the oceans, where 96 percent of the water on Earth is found and where 86 percent of global evaporation occurs.

When rain and other precipitation falls on land, some of it runs off into surface waters such as lakes and streams. Much of it, however, seeps into the ground. This process ?the movement of water into and through the soil and rocks ? is called infiltration. How water behaves once it is in the ground, the speed and character of infiltration, is determined by the type of soil or rock through which the water moves. It is primarily during this stage of the hydrologic cycle that water is purified. The extent to which the water is ?cleaned? depends on the state of the environment and the amount of pollution in the water. Passing through layers of sediment and rock helps to filter pollutants out, allowing the pure water to pass through. Generally, the deeper groundwater is found, the cleaner it will be.

Water that is not absorbed into the soil flows across the landscape to rivers, lakes, streams, and eventually to the oceans, as runoff. While some runoff waters originate from precipitation, others stem from melting snow or ice, and are called melt water runoff. The area where precipitation that reaches the land drains into a common body of water is called a ?watershed,?and can range in size from a few acres to many square miles. As communities strive to improve the quality of their watersheds, education in this area continues to expand.

Rather than seep into the soil or run off into surface waters, some water returns to the air in gaseous form (water vapor) through evaporation. However, of all water that returns to the atmosphere through evaporation, ocean evaporation is the most prevalent, consisting of about 80 percent of total global evaporation. For land-based evaporation, roughly half occurs on the surface area of plants and is called transpiration. These processes ?evaporation and transpiration ? are sometimes given a single term: evapotranspiration.

Another form of evaporation is sublimation, by which water molecules become gaseous directly from ice without first becoming liquid water. Sublimation accounts for the slow mid-winter disappearance of ice and snow at temperatures too low to cause melting.

The process in which water vapor is converted back into liquid is called condensation. A familiar type of condensation is the formation of dew drops on blades of grass or on the outside of a cold glass. A more important type of condensation within the hydrologic cycle takes place in the atmosphere. As water vapor moves upward in the atmosphere it cools. This process ?the loss of heat through vertical movement ? is called convection. The droplets formed from atmospheric condensation gather together as a result of their gravitation pull to form clouds. Depending on the temperature of the surrounding air, this cloud moisture will take either frozen or liquid form.

Water in the atmosphere, after condensing and forming into clouds, returns to Earth throughprecipitation, which can take many forms. Although some water is transmitted directly to Earth through the condensation of ambient water vapor, it is primarily through precipitation that water moves from the atmosphere to the Earth.

Natural water storage.Water is stored for periods of time in various typesof reservoirs. The primary reservoirs are (in order of size) the oceans, polar ice and glaciers, the atmosphere, groundwater, lakes, soils, atmosphere, rivers and streams, and the biosphere (plants and animals). There is about 50 times as much water stored in the oceans than in the next largest water reservoir, polar ice and glaciers. The amount of time that water stays in the reservoirs varies: deep groundwater can be held for up to 10,000 years, while glaciers retain their water for an average of about 40 years. At the other end of the spectrum, the retention time for rivers, soil moisture, and seasonal snow cover is typically less than 6 months.

Reservoirs (a)

Reservoir / Size (volume of water in cubic km x 10,000,000) / Percent of Water in Hydrologic Cycle
Oceans / 1370 / 97
Polar Ice and Glaciers / 29 / 2
Groundwater / 9.5 / 0.7
Lakes / 0.125 / 0.01
Soils / 0.065 / 0.005
Atmosphere / 0.013 / 0.001
Rivers and Streams / 0.0017 / 0.0001
Biosphere / 0.0006 / 0.00004

Built Environment.The term built environment refers to the structures, and infrastructure, that are made by man. This can include everything from simple housing to entire cities, and even man-made outdoor environments. Built environments provide the basic necessities for human life as we know it, and therefore must be functional and healthy for all. Finding this balance is a complicated and challenging process, and one that is consistently being refined.

A built environment includes all structures created by people, including infrastructure elements like streets, sidewalks, water and sewer lines, and electric and other utilities. Human behavior experts and city planners work to discover the most positive use of space for people. A single building can also be studied for its effectiveness. Commercial building designs are constantly changing layouts to better accommodate the business that takes place within the walls.

There are serious concerns about the health impact that a built environment has on people. Studies have shown that people, particularly those in low income areas, can be negatively influenced by their built environment. Advocates of healthy living point to the lack of adequate exercise space and healthy eating facilities as some of the key reasons why those in low-income areas have poor health. Independent civic groups often study particular areas and implement changes to the environment to encourage a more well-rounded community

A built environment can also be an outdoor space that has been manipulated by man. Community parks and other engineered open space areas are examples of outdoor places that are considered built environments. There is a challenging balance between preserving space and making it usable for the people, particularly for tourists at large national parks. Some naturalists wish to keep land as it is, without adding additional walking trails or other elements to the areas. The overall outcome is that most large parks have designated spots for tourism, while other areas remain untouched.

Sustainabilityis one of the most recent concerns when planning a new environment, or upgrades to an old one. Green energysources and building materials are being used more than ever. An example of this is the town of Greensburg, Kansas, which was destroyed by a tornado in 2007. The town was rebuilt using sustainable materials and energy-conserving power sources. It has gone on to be known as the "Greenest town in America."Communities that undergo greening such as this serve as social experiments into positively-functioning built environments

Environmental management: is the process by which environmental health is regulated. It does not involve managing the environment itself, but it is the process of taking steps and behaviors to have a positive effect on the environment. Environmental management involves the wise use of activity and resources to have an impact on the world. Many organizations develop a management plan or system to implement, manage and maintain environmental goals. Management plans for the environment are constructed by many companies and organizations, as taking care of the planet is the responsibility of everybody in every type of profession.

The most successful plans are built on aPlan, Do, Check,Act model. The first step, planning, involves defining specificgoals for that organization to accomplish regarding the environment. Next, the company needs to take whatever steps are necessary to implement the processes laid out in the planning stage. Checking involves monitoringthe environmental management plan, evaluating its effects and adjusting the procedures as necessary. Finally, acting involves reviewing the plan after it is complete and looking at reports from activitiesconducted or talking to those who were directly involved to get feedback and adjust the plan according

Employees at a company, or members of an organization that has chosen to implement an environmental management plan must be given the proper environmental training. While goals such as conservation and better methods of waste disposal are solid ideals to strive for, many of these techniques have been tried before. If everyone at the organization is not on board and using the same methods, the plan will serve no ultimate good. If an environmental management plan is properly enforced, however, the company will see benefits both to its business and to the environment.

Environmental management does not come without costs. These include the investment of resources such as time and money, the cost of training the employees, the cost of hiring consultants or other professionals and the cost of technical resources for studying the environment and its impacts. It is widely believed, however, that the benefits of an environmental management plan far outweigh the costs. These include the prevention of pollution and the conservation of natural resources, increased energy efficiency, stronger environmental performance and an attention to and responsibility for taking care of the earth. Following a management plan for the environment is a great way to build strong employee relationships and foster company support around one goal.

Environmental sustainabilityapplies ecological science to the design of man-made artifacts and the management of human changes to the environment. This is done for the purpose of sustaining life-supporting biological, meteorological, geological and hydrological systems. A sustainable system is one in which a balance of diverse plant and animal life, and hydrological cycles continue on in a stable manner, thereby supporting abundant biological diversity. If environmental damage has already occurred, sustainability may also be a proactive endeavor that restores the integrity of these systems.Environmental science is applied to both theproactive and restorative aspects of environmental sustainability.

Features of natural environmental systems includeshydrology, and indigenous plant and animal life. Activities that ensure or restore sustainability in natural systems also affect human social activities such as recreation, industry, and agricultural production. In designing and implementing sustainable practices, the impact of people on ecological systems and vice versa is also considered part of environmental sustainability.

This practice is often referred to as the triple bottomline, or "people, planet,profit." The triple-bottom-line theory advocates the inclusion of economic factors in the design and implementation of sustainable ecological solutions. It is an approach that is gaining support, as it attempts to ameliorate the opposition sometimes mounted by economic interests of those concerned about the impact of eco-friendly practices on local economies

Hydrological systems are of major concern in environmental sustainability. These systems are impacted by weather patterns, and man-made developments such as highways, or construction of buildings in agricultural areas, as well as erosion caused by human changes to water sheds.Pollution or changes in water flow in hydrological systems can degrade many aspects of the surrounding ecological system.

Environmental management of biodiversity involves restoring a natural balance between human, animal and botanical species. The spread of an invasive species may be a sign of environmental degradation. For example, Reed Canary Grass may populate a river bank in which the natural hydrology cycles have been disrupted. The biodiversity of native plants that may provide food and shelter for native animals is gradually replaced by a much less desirable species. As a result, a decrease in the environmental sustainability of the hydrological system will eventually occur.

Sustainable practices may byimplemented at the neighborhood level, all the way up to attempts to restore planetary environmental sustainability. An example of the former would be restoring a creek that has been degraded through pollution caused by runoff. An example of the latter would involve geopolitical actions to ascertain and reach sustainable levels of carbon released into the atmosphere.

While political discussions have resulted in divergent opinions on some issues regarding environmental sustainability, consumer sentiment impacts this area. More businesses are responding to marketplace trends that show an increasing public awareness of the dangers of unsustainable practices. Consumers who desire eco-friendly practices in architecture and construction are also part of the environmental sustainability movement

Environmental management policy is a set of laws, restrictions, or standards designed to protect and conserve environmental resources. Many large industries and federal governments put policies into place to regulate pollution, waste dumping, and other activities that could result in negative impacts on the environment. An effective environmental management policy clearly outlines rules and expectations for people to follow and includes the reasons why conservation is important.

When forming an environmental management policy, authorities usually rely on information provided by environmental scientists, geologists, and conservation biologists. Through careful observation and experimentation, scientists gather data about the environmental impacts of people and businesses. They analyze soil, water, and air samples, observe changes in ecosystems, and predict future outcomes if policies are not put into place. Scientists create detailed reports and submit them to companies or governments, highlighting their expert opinions on the best ways to limit environmental risks.