Name ______Period______

BIOLOGY FALL SEMESTEREXAM REVIEW PACKET 2011

Unit 1 – Introduction to Biology & Chemistry of Life

1. Define biology -

2. List the characteristics of life.

3. ______is the process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable environment or internal

equilibrium.

4. List the hierarchy of biological organization from smallest to broadest, beginning with…

CELL______, ______ ____________

5. Groups of tissues working together form a ______.

6. ______is the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or

breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes.

7. Any condition to which an organism reacts is called a ______.

8. A weak bond in which electrons are transferred is a(n) ______.

9. In a ______, electrons are shared between two atoms. Is this a weak or strong bond? (Circle)

10. Why does ice float on water?

11. Which elements make up 96% of all living matter? ______

12. Draw a water molecule. Label the elements, as well as which side is positive and which side is negative.

13. Which property of water allows insects to walk across the surface of a lake or pond? ______

14. Which property of water is responsible for water being pulled up the xylem of plants? ______

15. The smallest or basic unit of structure and function in all living things is a ______.

Unit II - Biochemistry

1. A ______is a very large molecule consisting of repeated linked units.

2. The building blocks of a polymer are called ______.

3. Complete the chart:

Macro(Bio)molecule Group / Monomer / Function / Examples
Carbohydrates
Lipids / XXXXX
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

4. What elements make up a carbohydrate? ______

5. The preferred energy source for the cell is ______.

6. What are some characteristics of saturated fats?

7. Which group of carbohydrates are the most complex? (mono, di, or polysaccharides) ______

8. ______are proteins that catalyze almost every important chemical reaction in living things.

Unit III – Cell Structure and Function

1. Which scientist stacked lenses on top of each other to view living things? ______

2. Which scientist first named the cell? ______

3. What are the three parts of the cell theory?

a.

b.

c.

4. Cells that contain a true nucleus are known as ______cells; cells that do not contain a true

nucleus are called ______cells.

5. Provide the name for each structure described below.

  1. Control center of eukaryotic cell ______
  2. Dense region within the nucleus that is the site of ribosome assembly ______
  3. Fine strands of DNA wrapped in protein ______
  4. Cell gel ______
  5. Sites where proteins are assembled ______
  6. Network of membranes where proteins are processed and transported; ribosomes may be attached ______
  7. Protein packaging center______
  8. Sac-like membranes in animal cells filled with enzymes that disinfect & recycle ______
  9. Supporting framework of cells; made of protein ______
  10. Sacs for storage; especially prominent in plant cells ______
  11. Produces ATP energy from the chemical fuel of glucose ______
  12. Site of photosynthesis; converts energy from the sun to glucose ______
  13. Boundary found in all cells; determines what can enter and leave ______
  14. Play a role in cell division in animal cells only ______

Unit IV – Classification, Taxonomy, & Kingdoms

1. The science of classifying and assigning organisms a scientific name is known as ______.

2. The 2-word naming system developed by Linnaeus is called ______.

3. Organizing objects into groups based on similarities is known as ______.

4. The scientific name for an organism consists of the ______and ______. The genus is always

______and the species is not. Both words are ______or italicized.

5. A ______key is a tool that uses specific characteristics to identify an organism.

6. List the seven levels of classification from broadest to most specific. (Hint: Begin with Kingdom)

Kingdom  ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______

7. Which two kingdoms might a prokaryotic belong to? ______or ______

  1. Which kingdoms belong to domain Eukarya? ______, ______, ______, ______

9. In which kingdom(s) do all organisms always have cell walls?

May have cells walls?

Never have cell walls?

10. Which kingdom(s) contain only unicellular organisms?

Only multi-cellular organisms?

Uni OR multi-celled organisms?

11. Which kingdoms are strictly heterotrophic?

Strictly autotrophic?

12. In which kingdom could members contain cilia or flagella for movement? ______

13. What are the cell walls of Fungi composed of? ______

Unit V - A Closer Look at Plants

1. List four characteristics of all plants.

2. What group of plants lacks vascular tissue? ______

3. What group of plants reproduces using cones? ______

4. What group of plants reproduces using fruits and flowers? ______

5. The waxy covering of a leaf that minimizes water loss is called the ______.

6. Define:

a. xylem -

b. phloem -

7. Describe the function of:

a. roots -

c. leaves -

8. What is a seed? What are the advantages of seeds?

9. Identify the following structures:

10. Identify the following structures from the diagram:

11. Identify the function of the following:

a)Cuticle -

b)Epidermis -

c)Palisade Mesophyll -

d)Spongy Mesophyll -

e)Stomata -

f)Guard Cells -

12. Describe characteristics of:

a. monocots -

b. dicots –

13. Write the equation for photosynthesis.

Unit VI – Ecology

1. Define ecology–

2. The combined portions of the Earth in which all life exists is known as the ______.

3. List and define the levels of organization beginning with species and ending with biosphere.

species  ______ ______ ______ ______ ______

4. What is the ultimate source of energy for life on earth? ______

5. Define the following terms:

a. producer/autotroph -

b. consumer/heterotroph -

c. herbivore -

d. carnivore -

e. omnivore -

f. decomposers -

6. Define and give examples of:

a. biotic factors -

b. abiotic factors -

7. Explain the process of nitrogen fixation. Why is it important? What group of organisms are involved?

8. A ______is a diagram representing the transfer of energy as one organism eats another.

9. A ______links all the food chains in an ecosystem together.

10. Each step in a food chain or food web is known as a(n) ______.

11. How much energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next? ______

12. The role an organism plays in its habitat is known as its ______.

13. Define the following terms:

a)Mutualism -

b)Commensalism -

c)Parasitism -

14. In an experiment, the benchmark or set-up that receives no treatment and acts as a standard of comparison is the?

15. In an experiment, the factor that is changed by the experimenter to test the hypothesis is the?

16. In an experiment, the factor that is measured is the? ______

Unit VII – The Working Cell Part I (Transport and Enzymes)

1. Since the cell membrane allows certain substances to pass through and prevents others from passing through, it is said

to be ______.

2. A type of transport across the membrane that requires no energy expenditure by the cell is called ______

transport. If energy is required, it is called ______transport.

3. The three types of passive transport are ______, ______, and ______

______.

4. The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane is ______.

5. A type of active transport in which a cell expels substances is called ______. When substances are brought

in, it is called ______.

6. Why would it be dangerous to put a saltwater fish in a freshwater aquarium?

7. What do we call the protein molecules that speed up the rate of a reaction? ______

8. What are 4 characteristics common to all enzymes?

Unit VII – The Working Cell Part II (Cell Respiration & ATP)

1. The molecule that provides useable energy to the cell is ______.

2. Define the following terms:

aerobic –

anaerobic -

4. The formation of ATP from the breakdown of food molecules in the presence of oxygen is called? ______

5. Is cellular respiration aerobic or anaerobic? ______

What about fermentation? ______

6. What are the two types of fermentation? ______& ______

Which one occurs in human muscle cells? ______

7. What are the three steps of cellular respiration in order?

8. What are the reactants of glycolysis?

9. What are the products of glycolysis?

10. Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? ______Does it require oxygen? ______

11. Why do you breathe heavily after running a race? ______

Unit VIII – Cell Growth and Division, DNA

1. The period of time from the beginning of one cell division to the beginning of the next is called the ______.

2. During which part of interphase does the cell’s DNA make a copy of itself? ______

3. The division of the cytoplasm that occurs at the end of mitosis is known as ______.

4. Give two reasons cells divide:

5. Identify the phase of mitosis being described:

a)Sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite ends of the cell as the spindle fibers shorten ______

b)Chromosomes are at opposite ends of the cell: spindle begins to break apart; nuclear membrane reforms ______.

c)Shortest phase in which chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. ______.

d)Chromosomes become thick and visible, nucleolus disappears, nuclear membrane disintegrates ______

6. G1, S, and G2 phases are all part of ______.

7. Define the following:

  1. Centrioles
  2. Centromere

c. Spindle

8. What are the monomers of DNA? ______

9. List the three parts of #8.

10. What is the shape of DNA?

11. What is Chargaff’s rule?

12. Use base pairing rules to find the complementary strand: TATGCCGAA ______

13. Identify the structures indicated: