INtra-annual VARIATION of MODERN FORAMINIFERAL ASSEMBLAGE IN A Tropical MANGROVE Ecosystem in INDIA
Electronic Supplemental Material (ESM)
Mitali Dey, Dipnarayan Ganguly, Chumki Chowdhury, Natasha Majumdar and Tapan Kumar Jana*
Department of Marine Science,CalcuttaUniversity, 35, B. C. Road; Calcutta-700019, India.
*Corresponding Author: ;
Tel. 91-9433859588; Fax: 91-33-24614849.
Section 1: Supplemental figure
Fig S1: Depth profile of foraminiferal distribution in the three seasons. Solid boxes represent dead foraminifera and empty boxes represent live foraminifera.
Section 2: Calculation of number size distribution of foraminiferaby Pareto function
Pareto function for the foraminifera number distribution dN was calculated using the equation dN = Ar-b x dr, where r is a linear dimension of particles. Higher values of constant A and constant b were found during post-monsoon and spring (A = 5.07 ± 3.01 – 10.04 ± 0.15; b = 1.49 ± 1.57 – 4.21 ± 0.61), compared to that of the pre-monsoon (A = 3.61 ± 1.99 – 10.5 ± 1.15; b = 0.93 ± 0.64 – 4.97 ± 0.78) and monsoon periods (A = 3.47 ± 2.98 – 4.08 ± 0.36; b = 1.44 ± 1.23 – 1.95 ± 1.05), indicating a greater decrease of dN/dr and the presence of more particles of smaller size. The value of b has been found to be 4.5 ± 0.3 in the 0.3–30 µm size range in the Indian Ocean (Lal and Lerman 1975).
Fig. S2
Section 3:Diatom bloom in the study area
Bloom-forming species were found to be Coscinodiscus radiatus (biovolume of 2.27 mm3 L-1) andCoscinodiscus gigas (biovolume of 3.7 mm3 L-1) during the post-monsoon period, and out of the non-blooming species, Pinnularia (biovolume of1.82 mm3 L-1), Pleurosigma, Chaetoceros decipiens (biovolume of1.16 mm3 L-1), Bacillaria paxillifer (biovolume of1.25 mm3 L-1), Skeletonema cf costatum (biovolume of 0.066 mm3 L-1; RA 10.66%), Thalassiosira decipiens (biovolume of 0.012 mm3 L-1; RA 10.02%), Thalassiosira hyalina (biovolume of 0.008 mm3 L-1; RA 10.36%) and Thalassiosira subtilis (biovolume of 0.33 mm3 L-1; RA 16.69%) were significant.The total biovolume of phytoplankton was found to be 8.93 mm3 L-1. During pre-monsoon, Asterionellopsis glacialis (biovolume of 0.22 mm3 L-1;RA 11.77%), Chaetoceros decipiens (biovolume of 0.1 mm3 L-1;RA 28.99%) and Thalassiosira decipiens (biovolume of 0.07 mm3 L-1;RA 8%) were important, but none of the species reached the concentration required to be classed as a bloom during this period (Table S3).
Table S3:Seasonal variations of phytoplankton (diatoms)average number (cell no. L-1),relative abundance (%) and total biovolume (mm3 L-1).
Class-Bacillariophyceae / PREMONSOON / MONSOON / POSTMONSOONTotal no. / RA / Total biovolume / Total no. / RA / Total biovolume / Total no. / RA / Total biovolume
1 / Amphora hyaline / 3.88 / 0.03 / 0.0169 / 34.67 / 2.13 / 0.014
2 / Amphiprora constrica / 58.32 / 0.42 / 0.024 / 276.32 / 1.19 / 0.114
3 / Amphipleura / 38.39 / 0.25 / 2.03 / 216.64 / 1.54 / 2.03 / 197.37 / 0.85 / 10.4
4 / Asterionellopsis glacialis / 1818.12 / 11.88 / 223 / 4.94 / 0.04 / 223
5 / Bacillaria paxilifer / 230.35 / 1.50 / 1220 / 28.80 / 2.98 / 608 / 236.84 / 1.02 / 1250
6 / Bacteriastrum delicatum / 19.20 / 0.13 / 0.25
7 / Odontella mobilensis / 28.45 / 0.23 / 45.5 / 45.5 / 71.48 / 0.42 / 190
8 / Odontella sinensis / 78.67 / 0.54 / 55.5 / 58.32 / 0.42 / 55.5 / 142.96 / 0.85 / 386
9 / Bellerochea malleus / 1497.29 / 9.75 / 848
10 / Ceratualina pelagica / 78.95 / 0.34 / 20.6
11 / Coscinodiscus eccentricus / 57.65 / 0.45 / 68.3 / 27.47 / 0.34 / 34.2 / 568.14 / 4.13 / 191
12 / Coscinodiscus lineatus / 34.30 / 0.26 / 1.69 / 42.58 / 0.80 / 0.878 / 880.76 / 6.39 / 161
13 / Coscinodiscus radiatus / 170.74 / 1.27 / 210 / 295.89 / 6.21 / 107 / 666.83 / 4.56 / 2270
14 / Coscinodiscus gigas / 69.78 / 0.56 / 531 / 13.77 / 0.26 / 265 / 192.05 / 1.52 / 2700
15 / Coscinodiscus concinus / 2.13 / 0.18 / 0.042
16 / Cocconeis sp. / 57.59 / 0.38 / 15.5
17 / Chaetoceros atlanticum / 205.61 / 1.44 / 4.65 / 118.42 / 0.51 / 1.82
18 / Chaetoceros curvisetus / 29.65 / 0.21 / 0.67 / 224.06 / 1.77 / 5.07
19 / Chaetoceros compressum / 12.80 / 0.12 / 0.19 / 5.33 / 0.47 / 0.095
20 / Chaetoceros decipience / 3373.36 / 28.99 / 97.4 / 162.06 / 1.48 / 48.7 / 1413.59 / 6.20 / 1160
21 / Chaetoceros lorenzianus / 659.77 / 4.98 / 6.32 / 95.04 / 1.33 / 3.16 / 315.79 / 1.36 / 6.09
22 / Chaetoceros sp. / 63.44 / 0.57 / 0.09 / 7.41 / 0.05 / 0.090 / 288.08 / 2.28 / 63.1
23 / Cyclotella sp. / 33.86 / 0.26 / 96.2 / 11.90 / 0.45 / 48.1 / 192.05 / 1.52 / 661
24 / Diatoma sp. / 19.20 / 0.13 / 1.31 / 1.31
25 / Ditylum brightwellii / 85.56 / 0.70 / 69.8 / 114.37 / 0.96 / 34.9 / 197.37 / 0.85 / 240
26 / Eucampia zodiacus / 80.95 / 0.68 / 1.72 / 2.13 / 0.18 / 0.86 / 39.47 / 0.17 / 1.00
27 / Guinardia flaccida / 156.78 / 1.27 / 19.9 / 7.24 / 0.13 / 9.97
28 / Gyrosigma sp. / 32.76 / 0.22 / 3.44 / 2.30 / 0.04 / 1.72
29 / Halosphaera sp. / 144.49 / 1.18 / 229 / 29.87 / 2.27 / 114 / 2000.00 / 1.25 / 2.04
30 / Lauderia anulata / 269.38 / 2.09 / 26.9 / 71.71 / 0.54 / 13.5 / 1302.63 / 5.60 / 31.8
31 / Leptocylindrus danicus / 192.56 / 1.57 / 4.74 / 179.63 / 1.39 / 2.37 / 1381.58 / 5.94 / 35.1
32 / Melosira granulata / 160.36 / 1.44 / 3.67 / 18.99 / 0.56 / 1.83
33 / Melosira variance / 0.09
34 / Navicula rhombica / 2.14
35 / Nitzschia longissima / 252.66 / 2.11 / 11.7 / 144.37 / 2.65 / 5.85 / 1254.09 / 5.43 / 40.7
36 / Pseudo-nitzschia sp. / 216.74 / 1.52 / 3.91 / 196.48 / 2.15 / 1.96 / 1042.86 / 4.69 / 64.7
37 / Nitzschia sigma / 44.34 / 0.33 / 4.95 / 100.00 / 0.71 / 2.47 / 292.32 / 1.31 / 24.
38 / Nitzschia sp. / 52.86 / 0.48 / 1.81 / 18.14 / 1.45 / 0.95
39 / Navicula rhombica / 28.89 / 0.26 / 2.30 / 120.56 / 8.14 / 1.15 / 868.42 / 3.74 / 69.1
40 / Paralia sulcata / 981.60 / 7.75 / 22.2
41 / Planktoniella sol / 13.23 / 0.10 / 2.33 / 7.89 / 0.30 / 1.16 / 126.43 / 0.93 / 24.9
42 / Planktoniella blanda / 16.41 / 0.12 / 2.54 / 2.30 / 0.10 / 1.27 / 313.15 / 2.40 / 13.3
43 / Pleurosigma sp. / 69.13 / 0.45 / 49.0 / 87.75 / 1.62 / 24.7 / 337.15 / 2.24 / 1830
44 / Pinnularia sp. / 200.00 / 1.43 / 4.52 / 434.21 / 1.87 / 1820
45 / Proboscia alata / 138.63 / 11.65
46 / Rhizosolenia setigera / 117.39 / 0.79 / 17.0 / 17.8 / 236.84 / 1.02 / 37.5
47 / Rhizosolenia cylindricus / 57.59 / 0.38 / 1.97 / 1.97 / 236.84 / 1.02 / 8.09
48 / Rhizosolenia styliformis / 221.66 / 1.52 / 7.21 / 4.16 / 0.03 / 7.21 / 39.47 / 0.17 / 7.93
49 / Skeletonema cf. costatum / 843.26 / 5.92 / 2.65 / 4525.31 / 39.35 / 1.32 / 1564.65 / 10.66 / 6.56
50 / Surirella sp. / 254.85 / 2.29 / 1.16 / 4.27 / 0.14 / 0.581
51 / Synedra sp. / 8.48 / 0.45 / 157.89 / 0.68 / 0.258
52 / Schuettia annulata / 43.66 / 0.30 / 1.39 / 33.07 / 2.29 / 0.725 / 586.82 / 4.64 / 35.7
53 / Thalasssionema sp. / 388.87 / 2.88 / 98.0 / 45.87 / 3.63 / 49.2 / 387.82 / 2.28 / 233
54 / Thalassiosira decipiens (small cell in chain) / 1149.18 / 8.00 / 74.8 / 562.73 / 8.02 / 37.4 / 2328.95 / 10.02 / 11.8
55 / Thalassiosira sp. / 563.96 / 4.62 / 19.2 / 232.61 / 5.20 / 9.58 / 818.83 / 4.34 / 56.9
56 / Thalassiosira hyalina (large cell in chain) / 2407.89 / 10.36 / 8.55
57 / Thalassiosira subtilis / 133.58 / 1.01 / 24.4 / 11.15 / 0.69 / 12.8 / 2112.57 / 16.69 / 327
Class-: Dinophyceae
58 / Prorocentrum micans / 6.62 / 0.06 / 0.45 / 2.13 / 0.07 / 0.372
59 / Protoperidinium sp. / 59.90 / 0.42 / 15.1 / 8.53 / 0.97 / 7.60 / 233.11 / 1.06 / 307
60 / Ceratium furca / 460.71 / 3.00 / 6.14 / 26.18 / 0.24 / 3.07 / 459.32 / 3.42 / 1.58
61 / Ceratium fusus / 61.53 / 0.41 / 0.47 / 2.30 / 0.04 / 0.213
62 / Ceratium tripos / 19.20 / 0.13 / 27.2
63 / Dinophysis caudata / 39.47 / 0.17 / 2.42
Others / 47.24 / 0.43 / 241 / 218.51 / 2.54 / 120
Total / 13236.55 / 3260 / 7852.01 / 1640 / 17954.71 / 8930
Section 4:Different bioturbation structures
The surface feature is created by gastropods, such as Telescopium telescopium, Cerithidea cingulata etc., and by bivalve molluscs, such as Macoma barmanica, Anadara granosa etc. The inner features are created by crabs, such as Scylla, Macrophthalmus, Metaplax, Uca, Ocypoda, Dotilla, and Illyoplex,and by callianassid shrimps, polychaetes (Lepidonotus cristatus, L. tenuisetosus etc.) and mud skippers (Boleopthalmus bodderti, B. viridis). Fiddler crabs can rework upto ~ 0.5 kg m-2d-1 of mangrove sediment (Hogarth, 1999) and thus some degree of mechanical breakage to foraminiferal tests would seem likely.
References:
Hogarth PJ (1999) The Biology of Mangroves. OxfordUniversity Press, Oxford, pp. 238.
Lal D,LermanA(1975) Size spectra of biogenic particles in ocean water and sediment. Journal of Geophysical Research80 (C3): 423–430.