PBS End of Course Assessment Review Packet

PBS End of Course Assessment Review Packet

KEY

Unit 1—The Mystery:

1.  Name 5 pieces of evidence that might be obtained at a crime scene that could help solve the crime.

·  Fingerprints

·  Blood type

·  Hair

·  Shoe prints

·  Unknown substances

2.  Draw a diagram showing the relationship between the following terms: nucleotide, gene, DNA Double Helix, chromosome. LABEL ALL STRUCTURES

3.  Using simple shapes, draw and label all parts of a nucleotide:

4.  Name all four bases of DNA – which bases are structurally similar to one another? Which bases pair with each other? Which base is NOT present in RNA?

5.  What do restriction enzymes do? (1.2.3)

·  cut DNA in a specific location

6.  What does gel electrophoresis do? Which way does DNA run on the gel?

·  Separate DNA pieces for comparison

·  DNA is negative, therefore it runs toward the positive end

7.  How does DNA differ from person to person?

·  Nucleotide sequence

8.  Write the strand of DNA that would bind with this strand: ATCGTCAGG

·  TAGCAGTCC

9.  Mark on this strand of DNA where the restriction enzyme HaeIII would cut (GG-CC).

ATTCC GGTATACGGCTAATACC GGTTATAGCG

TAAGG CCATATGCCGATTATGG CCAATATCGC

10. Parts of an experiment:

The independent variable is the one that is altered. The dependent variable

measured, its measurement depends on the independent variable.

The experimental group is the one you experiment on while the control group

unaltered. It is important because you use it to compare against the group where the

independent variable is applied.

Unit 2—Diabetes:

1.  Create a chart that compares Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes - include symptoms, treatment, how it works, and who generally suffers from it.

Type I Diabetes / Both / Type II Diabetes
·  Does NOT produce insulin
·  Childhood onset
·  Insulin injection
·  Insulin pump / ·  Increased thirst
·  Increased urination
·  Exercise
·  Diet / ·  Produces insulin, but can’t use it
·  Adult onset
·  Oral medication
·  Insulin injection

2.  Draw a graph showing the results of glucose tolerance testing for someone with Type I diabetes and someone with Type II Diabetes.

3.  Draw a graph showing the results of insulin testing for someone with Type I Diabetes, someone with Type II diabetes, and a healthy person.

4.  Explain the difference between negative and positive feedback. Give an example of each. (2.1.3)

·  Positive: causes a reinforcement of the original action so the input causes the reaction to increase.

·  Negative: causes the system to stop doing the original action and to either take no action or to perform an opposite action.

5.  Diagram the feedback relationship of blood glucose and the hormones insulin and glucagon.

6.  Explain the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.

·  DEHYDRATION: loss of water by the joining of a molecule

·  HYDROLYSIS: addition of water by breakdown of a molecule

7.  Draw an example (include name of monomer and polymer) of each of the following:
a) lipid phospholipid

b) carbohydrate Glucose

c) protein

8.  Explain the process of calorimetry and how it is used to measure the amount of energy in a food.

9.  What is osmosis - explain it in your own words. Draw a simple picture if you need to.

·  Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

10.  For each beaker below, a) label the solution as hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic and b) draw an arrow showing water movement.

11.  Why are diabetics constantly dehydrated and urinating so often? Relate your answer to osmosis and the lab we performed using the model cells (dialysis tubing).

·  HYPERTONIC: fluids leaving cells to decrease % glucose in blood

12.  List 3 complications of diabetes, give a brief description of it, and tell what body system it affects. (2.3.3)

·  Foot complications: poor circulation

·  Stroke: blood clot, loss function on side of the body

·  Eye complications: glaucoma

Unit 3—Sickle Cell Disease:

1.  Draw normal blood cells and then draw sickled blood cells. Describe the differences between these two cells.

2.  How is anemia diagnosed? Describe and name the procedure and give the results expected for someone with anemia (hint: see 3.1.1)\

·  Hematocrit is used to diagnose anemia

·  Male <42%; Female <35%

3.  Name and describe the role of each of the four component of blood.

·  Plasma: vehicle by which blood cells are carried

·  Red blood cell (RBC): carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be exhaled

·  White blood cell (WBC): destroy bacteria

·  Platelets: interact with clotting to prevent bleeding

4.  Name 3 main symptoms of sickle cell anemia and how they affect daily life.

·  Chest/leg pain

·  Frequent infection

·  Trouble breathing

5.  Fill in the blanks with the correct word in describing protein synthesis:
All instructions for proteins, like hemoglobin, are stored in our DNA, which is located in a cell’s nucleus. This DNA must first be turned into mRNA, through a process called transcription. This process takes place in the nucleus. The mRNA then takes the message to the cytoplasm, specifically to a ribosome. This is where the process of translation takes place. A tRNA matches its anti-codons to a codon on the mRNA. The tRNA then drops off its amino acid. Many of these monomers make up the final protein of hemoglobin.

6.  Name and describe the job of each of the three types of RNA:

·  mRNA: copy DNA for removal from the nucleus

·  rRNA: part of the ribosome

·  tRNA: anti-codons match with codons on mRNA

7.  In Sickle Cell Anemia, Glutamic acid is changed to valine through a type of mutation called a substitution in the DNA code. Glutamic acid is hydrophilic, meaning it likes water; but valine is hydrophobic, meaning it hates water. How does this property affect the entire hemoglobin protein?

8.  Transcribe this DNA sequence into mRNA, then tRNA, and then translate it into an amino acid sequence using the genetic code found in Activity 3.2.2

Original ATCCGAAAATTTGATTTG

mRNA: UAGGCUUUUAAACUAAAC

tRNA: AUCCGAAAAUUUGAUUUG
Protein: K G L G D M

9.  What is a karyotype? What sorts of diseases can and cannot be diagnosed using a karyotype?

·  A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.

·  Diseases that are polyploidy are easily detected by karyotypes.

10.  This process makes new body cells for repair & replacement: mitosis
This process makes sex cells of sperm and egg: meiosis

11.  Each body cell has 46 chromosomes. Each gamete has 23 chromosomes.

12.  What does HIPAA stand for and what does it say (in a one sentence summary)? (1.3.2)

·  Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

·  Gives patients specific rights regarding their personal health info.

13.  Why does sickle cell disease run in families, yet is not present in every generation?

·  It is a recessive disorder

14.  Remember that Best’s disease is a dominant disease. Draw a Punnett square to show the cross between a woman without Best’s disease and a man who has one allele for Best disease and one allele without Best’s disease. What is the chance that they will have a child with Best’s disease?

B / b
b / Bb / bb
b / Bb / bb

15.  Examine the pedigree below. Is this disease dominant or recessive - how do you know?

16.  Draw the pedigree for the following family. Label all known GENOTYPES and put the individual’s name on the pedigree: Natasha and Nathan are planning on having children. Each has a sister with sickle cell disease. Neither Natasha nor Nathan nor any of their parents have the disease, and none of them has been tested to see if they have the sickle cell trait.

Unit 4—Heart Disease:

1.  In most of the body the arteries carry oxygenated blood and the veins carry deoxygenated blood. The exception to this pattern is the heart. List the specific arteries and veins of the heart that are different from the pattern seen in the rest of the body and explain how and why they are different.

·  Pulmonary vein and pulmonary artery: blood picks up oxygen in the lungs, therefore when the pulmonary artery is coming away from the heart to the lungs it has not yet reached that supply of blood.

2.  What is the pathway blood takes as it passes through the heart? Briefly state the path from body to heart to lungs to heart to body.

3.  What is heart rate? (Be sure to include units of measure!!)

·  A measure of cardiac activity usually expressed as the number of beats per minute (BPM)

4.  What is blood pressure? How is it measured? What are the units of blood pressure?

·  Pressure exerted by the blood upon the walls of the blood vessels

·  Measured by sphygmomanometer

·  Units: millimeters of mercury

5.  What does EKG stand for? What does it measure?

·  Electrocardiogram

·  Measurement of heart electrical activity

6.  Name the two nodes of the heart and where each is located. Which one is called the “pacemaker”?

·  SA (sinoatrinal node): “pacemaker”

·  AV (avrioventricular node)

7.  Trace the conduction of electrical impulses through the heart

8.  What are two major functions of cholesterol in our bodies?

·  LDL: carrier of cholesterol

·  HDL: remove excess cholesterol

9.  Is cholesterol hydrophobic or hydrophilic? How can it be carried in our hydrophilic bloodstream?

·  Amphipathic—both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

·  It can be carried in our hydrophilic bloodstream due to its hydrophilic properties.

10.  What is atherosclerosis? How can it affect blood pressure?

·  Hardening of the arteries

·  Increases blood pressure due to narrowing of the arteries

11.  Name four risk factors for developing heart disease.

·  High blood pressure

·  High cholesterol

·  Diabetes

·  Smoking

·  Being overweight (obese)

·  Family history

·  Unhealthy diet

·  Physical inactivity

·  Age

12.  Make a chart comparing and contrasting LDL and HDL – include structure and function.

○  Which one is the major carrier of cholesterol?

○  Which one has more protein in its molecule?

○  Which one should have a level below 100 mg/dL?

○  Which one should have a level of above 40 mg/dL?

LDL / HDL
·  Low Density Lipoprotein / ·  High Density Lipoprotein (more protein)
·  “bad” / ·  “good”
·  Transporter / ·  Responsible for removing excess cholesterol
·  Level below 100 mg/dL / ·  Level about 40 mg/dL

13.  What is a problem with a person with the FH mutation? Be specific. (4.3.2)

·  Autosomal dominant genetic disorder affecting the LDL receptor

·  The receptor becomes deformed and inefficient at binding LDL

·  Causes very elevated levels of LDL in the blood stream

14.  What does PCR stand for? What is the purpose of PCR?

·  Polymerase Chain Reaction

·  Used to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a piece of DNA to see if there is a mutation

15.  In this unit, we reviewed about three different DNA techniques from Unit 1. List them in the order that they are performed.

·  PCR

·  RFLP

·  Gel electrophoresis

16.  What is a RFLP and how is it used in DNA analysis – be specific.

·  Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism

·  When DNA is exposed to the same restriction enzyme, the DNA fragments produced by the enzyme may be different lengths. Differences are known as polymorphisms.

17.  Name and explain 3 procedures that could help treat a blockage in the heart.

·  Angioplasty: thread a thin tube through the arm/groin to the heart with a balloon on the end; when in place the balloon is inflated to push the plaque out against the wall of the artery, widening the artery and restoring blood flow.

·  Stent insertion: a balloon first expands the stent pushing it into place in the artery; the balloon and catheter are pulled out leaving the stent in place.

·  Coronary artery bypass graft surgery: blood vessels or grafts used for bypass may be pieces of vein taken from the legs or artery in the chest; one end is attached above the blockage and the other below—thus blood is rerouted/bypasses

Unit 5—Infectious Disease:

1.  Label all parts to the bacterial cell below:

2.  Explain the structural differences between gram + and gram - bacteria. Which one stains pink?

Gram Positive / Gram Negative
·  Pink / ·  Purple
·  Outer membrane present / ·  Outer membrane absent

3.  How can viruses be prevented? How can bacterial infections be prevented? How can each be treated?

Viruses / Bacteria
Prevention: avoid those who are sick, wash your hands frequently / Prevention: avoid those who are sick, wash your hands frequently
Treatment: bed rest and hydration (no treatment such as medication) / Treatment: includes antibiotics

4.  Briefly explain the function of each part of the immune system below:
Skin: protection, regulation, sensation
Phagocytes (like macrophages): used to detect foreign objects
Inflammation: eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out necrotic cells and tissues damaged from the original insult
B Cells: make anti-bodies in response to antigens
T Cells: a type of white blood cell

Unit 6—Post Mortem:

Match the organ to its body system:

B 1. Bladder A. Cardiovascular System

A 2. Heart B. Urinary System

C 3. Lungs C. Respiratory System

C 4. Trachea D. Digestive System

D 5. Pancreas E. Immune System

B 6. Kidneys F. Nervous System

F 7. Brain

D 8. Gall Bladder

A 9. Vein

F 10. Eye

F 11. Lymph Node

D 12. Teeth

B 13. Urethra

E 14. Thymus

E 15. Spleen

C 16. Larynx