“ISMS” and Revolutions of 1848 Outline – say thank you to Cathy Sager for this outline =)
I. The Challenges of Nationalism and Liberalism
A. The Emergence of Nationalism
1. Belief that governments and ethnicity should remain together
2. People did not like Congress of Vienna’s decision to leave monarchy power over large areas
3. Encouraged people to believe in the nation and established national language and literature
a. Knowing the national language raised social standing
b. Print culture unified people
c. Many disputes over ethnic pockets, political autonomy
B. Early 19th Century Liberalism
1. Based on the philosophies of the Enlightenment
2. Wanted constitutions written and established
3. Wanted Adam Smith capitalism and free trade
4. Liberals used nationalism (and vice versa) as a guise to gain support for their political agendas
II. Conservative Governments: The Domestic Political Order
A. Conservative Outlooks
1. Monarchies and those in established power wanted conservative ideals
2. Problems arose because of post-war-era unemployment
B. Liberalism and Nationalism resisted in Austria and Germany
1. Leaders unified the ethnically divided Germany so Austria could keep its political influence there
2. Prussia firmly established the old order and old provinces
3. German student groups foster nationalism, liberalism, constitutionalism, and Anti-Semitism
C. Postwar Repression in Great Britain
1. Removed assistance to poor
2. Passed “six acts” to further protect government and suppress rights
D. Bourbon Restoration in France
1. Louis XVIII goes to a very moderate constitutional monarchy
2. Ultraroyalists (extreme reactionaries) caused trouble, killed people
3. Eventually Louis XVIII gave in to them, and liberals were persecuted
III. The Conservative International Order
A. The Congress System
1. Mutual cooperation between countries
2. However, they disagreed on courses of action, so they didn’t take any until 1820
B. The Spanish Revolution of 1820
1. Revolution succeeded, so did the Italian one
2. Austria, Prussia, Russia, and France intervened (France in Spain, Austria in Italy, and other two in both)
3. England leaves continental affairs
4. Spain lost its exclusive access to the Latin American trade; England supported this and so did America (Monroe Doctrine, 1823)
IV. Conservative Order Shaken in Europe
A. Russia: Decembrist Revolt of 1825
1. Russian army wanted reform as they learned Enlightened ideals
2. They wanted one brother (Constantine) to succeed Alexander after his death, but they got Nicholas II so they tried to overthrow him but failed. Liberals were outlawed in Russia.
3. Nicholas was very conservative, suppressed Poland and kept it under Russian rule
B. Revolution in France (1830)
1. Charles X was super-reactionary (divine right) and took freedoms away
2. They overthrew him, established a liberal constitutional monarchy under Louis Philippe
C. The Great Reform Bill in Britain
1. economic reform
2. freed Irish Catholics to calm Ireland
3. Modified representation to better suit population
V. Towards an Industrial Society
A. Britain’s Industrial Leadership
1. textile industry was going global
2. Other European nations began to follow suit with industry
3. Population growth and enclosure acts caused migration to cities/industrial work
4. Railroads and canals were made to transport goods and people
B. The Labor Force
1. No job security
2. appalling working conditions
3. low wages
4. factories created a wage-based proletariat living paycheck to paycheck
5. couldn’t strike-too many unemployed willing to step in
6. Chartism (six points) tried to alleviate these issues; movement failed, but sparked the idea of other rights movements
C. Families
1. work wasn’t done together
2. Children worked and didn’t get an education
D. Women
1. lost jobs to men
2. worked for lower wages
3. many were sexually exploited for money
4. lived in dormitory style boardinghouses before marriage
E. Crime
1. Police
a. law enforcement
b. domestic security
c. people appreciated their work and protection
2. Prison Reform
F. Classical Economists
1. Adam Smith
2. Thomas Malthus (population)
3. David Ricardo “Iron Law of Wages”
4. Governments supported classical economics
G. Socialism
1. Utopian Socialism (Robert Owen, Fourier)
2. Anarchism (Joseph Proudhon)
3. And then, there was Karl Marx. oh boy…
VI. 1848: Year of Revolutions
A. France: The 2nd republic and Louis Napoleon
1. National Assembly and Paris workers clashed over how to restructure (capitalist/liberal vs. socialist)
2. Emergence of Louis Napoleon
a. People voted for him in a time of crisis
b. He made changes-angered the Assembly, but people liked him
c. Crushed the feminist movement (again)
B. The Habsburg Empire: Nationalism Resisted
1. Vienna Uprising
a. Students protest for better Viennese working conditions
b. caused fear that serfs would join rebellion, so they were emancipated
c. the armies never restored order or crushed the rebellion
2. Magyar revolt
a. wanted their own Hungarian state
b. clashed with the liberals because it was nationalist
3. Czech Nationalism
a. they wanted autonomy like Hungary
b. The rebellion was crushed, but it became a political debate later
4. Rebellion in Northern Italy
a. again crushed- w/ Russian assistance all rebellion put down
b. Habsburgs didn’t fear the use of force
C. Italy: Republicanism Defeated
1. People backed the Pope, hoping he could lead unification
2. France and Austria both came in to crush the republican movement
D. Germany: Liberalism Frustrated
1. Revolution in Prussia
a. Liberals wanted to have a democracy with an Assembly
b. The king at first gave in, but then it got too liberal, so he ignored the Assembly’s rule
2. Frankfurt Parliament
a. tried to constitutionally unify Germany
b. caused a split between the liberals and the working class
c. it failed when the king refused to sign the constitution
**Nationalism is growing in many countries, notably Germany…**
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