STUDY GUIDE FOR THE SOAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL THEORY COMPS EXAM
You might want to consider the following suggestions as you prepare for the Anthropological theory section of the comps exam.
1)Perhaps the most important and useful exercise is to carefully review the readings (listed below) for Anthropology 331, Anthropological Thought and Theory. These are available on ereserves, along with the course syllabus, under Sociology and Anthropology 400: SOAN Comps Exam Anthro Study Guide. You can access them under Fisher, or 400, or SOAN, or SOAN Comps. The password is SOAN. You may find the lecture outlines and summariesespecially helpful. Of course, you should also look over your class notes from that course.
2)Think about the more theory-oriented parts of all your courses, not just 331.
3)Since 331 utilizes only primary sources, you might find it helpful to look at some of the more synthetic textbooks on theory that have been written over the years. Following is a list of seven such volumes:
Barnard, Alan 2000. History and Theory in Anthropology. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.
Barth, Fredrik, Andre Gingrich, Robert Parkin, Sydel Silverman. 2005. One Discipline, Four Ways: British, German, French, and American Anthropology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Erickson, Paul A. 1998. A History of Anthropological Theory. Peterborough, Canada: Broadview Press.
Hatch, Elvin. 1973. Theories of Man and Culture. New York: ColumbiaUniversity Press.
Kardiner, Abram and Edward Preble. 1961. They Studied Man. New York: New American Library.
Langness, L. L. 2005. The Study of Culture. Novato, CA: Chandler & Sharp Publishers.
Moore, Jerry D. 1997. Visions of Culture, An Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists. London: AltaMira Press.
Obviously, you need to read these books very selectively, according to your own strengths and weaknesses, and what will be most helpful in understanding the theories and theorists that have been emphasized in your courses at Carleton.
4)Review the following sample questions. The actual questions on the exam will be similar to these, and possibly, though not necessarily,identical to one or both of them.
Anthropological Theory Exam Study Questions
Question #1:
"First and foremost...every culture must satisfy the biological system of needs, such as those dictated by metabolism, reproduction, the physiological conditions of temperature."
Bronislaw Malinowski
“The imposition of meaning on life is the major end and primary condition of human existence."
Clifford Geertz
Sahlins probably had views such as these in mind when he wrote that "the contest between the practical and the meaningful is the fateful issue of modern social thought." These two statements do indeed contain very different assumptions about what culture is, how it should be studied, and the kind of theories that can best deal with it. Drawing on the theoretical and empirical work of several major anthropologists, discuss the respective approaches to anthropology that follow from these two statements.
Question #2:
You have been asked to write an essay outlining and evaluating the theoretical contributions of American and British anthropologists to an anthropological understanding of our species. You are Claude Levi-Strauss. Write the essay.
Question #3:
"Theory is necessary not only to organize the findings of research so that they make sense but more basically, to determine what questions are to be asked...Theory, therefore, must always be a priori to the empirical observations of the facts. Facts come to mean something only as ascertained and organized in the frame of a theory. Indeed, facts have no existence...outside such a frame. Questions must be asked before answers can be obtained and, in order to make sense, the questions must be part of a logically coordinated attempt
to understand social reality as a whole. A non-theoretical approach is, in strict logic, unthinkable.”
Gunnar Myrdal
Using Myrdal's statement as your foil, critically examine the views of major 19th and 20th century anthropologists (including post-modern ones).
Question #4:
"Every time that a social phenomenon is directly explained by a psychological phenomenon, we may be sure that the explanation is false."
E. Durkheim
"Ethnology is first of all psychology."
C. Levi-Strauss
Discuss the apparent contradiction expressed in these statements, being sure to illustrate your answer with the work of specific anthropologists.
Question #5:
In “The Myth of Functional Analysis as a Special Method in Sociology and Anthropology”, Kingsley Davis argues that functionalism isn’t a special theory, but rather that it permeates all analysis in sociology and anthropology. Evaluate his argument using Spiro’s typology of different types of functionalism, being sure to illustrate the typology with specific, empirical examples of each of the six types.
The format of the exam will be to answer one question, which you will choose from two questions asked.
READING LIST FOR ANTHROPOLOGY 331
BOOKS:
Barth, Fredrik, Models of Social Organization
Benedict, Ruth, Patterns of Culture
Borofsky, Robert, Assessing Cultural Anthropology
Bourdieu, Pierre, The Logic of Practice
Fisher, James, Living Martyrs
Geertz, Clifford, The Interpretation of Cultures
Gellner, Ernest, Postmodernism, Reason and Religion
Levi-Strauss, Claude, Structural Anthropology
Malinowski, Bronislaw, Argonauts of the Western
Pacific
Mead, Margaret, Coming of Age in Samoa
Sahlins, Marshall, Culture and Practical Reason
Wolf, Eric, Europe and the People Without History
ARTICLES:
Abu-Lughod, Lila “Writing Against Culture”
Bilik, Naran “The Ethnicity of Anthropology in China”
Boas, Franz, "Dog Hair"
Clifford, James, "Introduction: Partial Truths"
Firth, Rosemary, review of Margaret Mead and Samoa: The Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth
Freeman, Derek, excerpt from Margaret Mead and Samoa:
The Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological
Myth
Geertz, Clifford,
"Being Here" (in Works and Lives)
"The Growth of Culture and the Evolution of Mind" (in The Interpretation of Cultures)
---- "The Impact of the Concept of Culture on the
Concept of Man" (in IC)
---- "Ritual and Social Change: A Javanese Example"
(in IC)
---- "The Cerebral Savage" (in IC)
---- "Religion as a Cultural System" (in IC)
---- "Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory
of Culture (in IC)
---- "Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight"
(in IC)
---- "Waddling In"
---- "Anti Anti-Relativism"
Gelner, Ernest, "Concepts and Society"
Harris, Marvin, "The CannibalKingdom"
---- "Cultural Materialism Is Alive and Well and Won't Go Away Until Something Better Comes Along" (in ACA)
Kaplan, David, and Robert Manners, "Notes on Theory and Non-Theory in Anthropology"
Kuper, Adam, "Culture, Identity and the Project of a Cosmopolitan Anthropology"
Leach, Edmund, "Rethinking Anthropology"
Levi-Strauss, Claude
---- "Structural Analysis in Linguistics and in
Anthropology" (in SA)
---- "Social Structure" (in SA)
---- "The Structural Study of Myth" (in SA)
---- excerpt from The Savage Mind
---- "Anthropology and History" (in SA)
Marcus, George E., "After the Critique of Ethnography: Faith, Hope and Charity, but the Greatest of These is Charity" (in ACA)
Marglin, F.A., "Woman's Blood: Life Rhythms and Work
Discipline"
Murphy, Robert F., "The Dialectics of Deeds and Words" (in ACA)
Nader, Laura, "Up the Anthropologist"
Narayan, Kirin, "How Native Is a Native Anthropologist?
Ortner, Sherry, "Theory in Anthropology Since the
Sixties"
“Is Female to Male as Nature is to Culture?”
"Gender Hegemonies"
Rosaldo, M. "Moral/Analytical Dilemmas Posed by the Intersection of Feminism and Social Science"
Rosaldo, Renato, "Subjectivity in Social Analysis"
Sahlins, Marshall, "Culture as Protein and Profit"
---- "Goodbye to Tristes Tropes: Ethnography in the Context of Modern World History" (in ACA)
Salzman, Philip Carl, "The Lone Stranger in the Heart of Darkness" (in ACA)
Sass, Louis A., "Anthropology's Native Problems:
Revisionism in the Field"
Spiro, Melford, "Conclusion" (to Culture and Gender)
Vayda, Andrew P., "Actions, Variations, and Change: The Emerging Anti-Essentialist View in Anthropology" (in ACA)
Tambiah, Stanley, "An Anthropologist's Creed"
---- "Rationality, Relativism, the Translation and Commensurability of Cultures"
Wolf, Eric, "They Divide and Subdivide and Call It
Anthropology"