Note to question in SI session regarding viral effects on host cells:

T-phage: some are “autonomously virulent” because they cause cessation of all bacterial metabolism on infection and some are “dependent virulent” because they depend on continued bacterial metabolism during the lytic cycle—i.e. some virus kill stop normal cell function as soon as they invade the cell while others need the bacteria to function normally to complete its lytic cycle

REVIEW

Viral Genetics

What is a T bacteriophage (T phage)?

What type of virus has single strand RNA that acts as a template for DNA synthesis? Which enzyme performs this form of DNA synthesis?

What is the name for viral genetic information incorporated into a host’s genome?

Translation

Which part of a tRNA base pairs with the mRNA?

Ribosomes consist of how many subunits? What molecules make up these subunits?

What is the name of tRNA covalently bonded to an amino acid (before it joins with the ribosome)? What enzyme covalently bonds tRNA to its respective amino acid?

What type of bonds hold amino acids together?

In what direction does translation occur with respect to the mRNA strand being translated?

Transcription

In what direction does transcription occur with respect to the DNA strand being transcribed?

Where is the promoter located in reference to the gene being transcribed?

What is the central dogma of biology?

MOLECULAR GENETICS (continued)

What is a transposon? What is their role in antibiotic resistance?

BACTERIAL GENE REGULATION

Explain the Trp operon.

Explain the Lac operon.

What is the purpose of a catabolite activator protein (CAP)?

EUKARYOTIC GENE REGULATION

List the levels of DNA organization in chromatin packing.

Gene Expression Regulation at Multiple Levels

List different levels of regulation.

What process promotes unfolding of the DNA chromatin packing structure to allow transcription? What parts of the packing structure are affected?

How can DNA be modified? Where is it modified?

What was unique about the IGF-2?

What are the 2 types of protein transcription factors, and how do they affect gene expression?

How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression regulation methods differ?

List some common transcription factors? What type of organisms use these (prokaryotes/eukaryotes)?

What are the different types of post-transcription regulation, and how do they work?

What is a gene family, and how are they created?

What is a psuedogene?

Failed Gene Regulation Leading to Cancer

What are proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, and tumor-supressor genes? What are their roles in cancer?

Genetic Technology

What are the 2 types of genome sequencing? How is each carried out?

What enzyme is used to make cDNA?How is cDNA used?

What are restriction enzymes? What molecule rejoins fragments? How is this useful for genetic engineering?