Name: ______Period: ____

CELLS

Students are presented with the structural and functional aspects of cells through an analysis of a generalized cell. Each cellular component is detailed in terms of structure and function. Important transport mechanisms, including diffusion, osmosis, and active transport are considered. Attention is also given to the events involved in protein synthesis, and the mechanism and importance of somatic cell division. The chapter concludes with a discussion of aging and cells, and a list of medical terminology and conditions.

OBJECTIVES

  1. Name and describe the three main parts of a cell.
  2. Describe the structure and functions of the plasma membrane.
  3. Describe the processes that transport substances across the plasma membrane.
  4. Describe the structure and functions of cytoplasm, cytosol, and organelles.
  5. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus.
  6. Outline the sequence of events involved in protein synthesis.
  7. Discuss the states, events, and significance of cell division.
  8. Describe the cellular changes that occur with aging.

ASSIGNMENTS

  1. Read Chapter 3; pages 48-72.
  2. Complete this packet as you read and listen to classroom lectures or discussions.
  3. Numbered items in squares; WELLNESS Questions, all Figures questions and Checkpoint Questions are homework.
  4. Answer both of the ‘Critical Thinking Applications’ on page 18 of this packet, provide your answers on a separate sheet of paper and attach it to this packet.

Chapter 3: Cells

Focus on Wellness…DID YOU KNOW? (Pages 48 and 70)

  1. What are phytochemicals? ______
  2. What are some dietary changes you could make that would increase your intake of helpful phytochemicals?

______

  1. A Generalized View of the Cell

OBJ: Name and describe the three main parts of a cell.

  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. ______

CHECKPOINT:

  1. What are the general functions of the three main parts of a cell?

______

  1. The Plasma Membrane

OBJ: Describe the structure and functions of the plasma membrane.

  1. Explain the functions of the plasma membrane.

______

  1. Describe the structure of the plasma membrane. ______
  2. Name and describe the two types of glycoproteins found in the plasma membrane. ______
  3. Selective permeability:

Lipid bilayer is permeable to:

  1. ______
  2. ______

Examples: ______

______

______

______

______

Lipid bilayer is not permeable to:

a. ______

b. ______

Examples: ______

______

Channels are formed by ______

Transporters change shape as they ______

  1. Recognition:
  2. Receptors recognize and bind to specific molecules

Examples: ______

  1. Enzymes ______
  2. Cell identity markers ______

III. Transport Across the Plasma Membrane

OBJ: Describe the processes that transport substances across the plasma membrane.

  1. Fluids- ______% of the average body

a. Intracellular fluid- ______- ______

b. Extracellular fluid- ______

(1) ______- ______

(2) ______- ______

(3) ______- ______

  1. Concentration

a. ______

b. Concentration Gradient- ______

______

  1. Practice:
  1. Passive Processes
  1. Diffusion: The Principle

a. ______

b. Diffusion defined:

- ______

- ______

- ______

- ______

- ______

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

______

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

______

Figure 3.4 & 3.5, page 52:

  1. How does simple diffusion differ from facilitated diffusion? ______
  1. Osmosis

a. ______

______

______

b. Practice:

Start of experiment: Semi-permeable tube (to water) contains 20% sucrose

immersed in 100% water. Arrows moving in show start of osmosis.

  1. What substance is moving into the tube? ______
  2. Is it moving ‘up the concentration gradient’ or ‘down the concentration gradient’? ______

At equilibrium:

  1. Which solution has increased in volume, the sucrose in the tube or the water in the beaker? ______
  2. What is moving up the tube? ______

At start of experiment At equilibrium

Figure 3.7, page 53:

  1. Will the fluid level in the tube continue to rise until concentrations are the same in the beaker and in the tube? ______

c. Osmotic pressure: ______

______

______

(1) Isotonic solution: ______

______

(2) Hypotonic solution: ______

______

Condition of bursting red blood cells known as: ______

(3) Hypertonic solution: ______

______

Condition of shrinkage of red blood cells known as: ______

Crenation Normal Hemolysis

CELL TONICITY  NOT IN YOUR TEXTBOOK

  1. What is cell tonicity? ______

______

  1. What cause tonicity to occur? ______
  2. What are the three types of tonicity? Briefly explain what happens during each type.

(1) ______:

______

(2) ______:

______

(3) ______:

______

Figure 3.8, page 54:

Look over and study Figure 3.8 on page 54, then answer the following question:

  1. Will a 2 percent solution of NaCl cause hemolysis or crenation in red blood cells (RBCs)? Justify your answer by explaining how you derived it.

______

  1. Active Processes
  1. Active Transport

a. ______

______

b. ______

- Comes from splitting of ______

- Changes shape of ______, called a ______

- Transports ions: ______

- ______of a cell’s ATP expended on active transport

What drug can be lethal to ATP production? ______

Figure 3.9, page 55:

Look at Figure 3.9 on page 55 and read over the section on Active Transport on page 55 in your textbook.

  1. Explain how the sodium- potassium pump works. ______
  2. What is the role of ATP in the operation of the sodium-potassium pump? ______
  1. Transport in Vesicles

a. ______: small sacs formed by budding off of membranes

b. Functions:

(1) ______

(2) ______

c. Two main types of vesicular transport: ______and ______

ENDOCYTOSIS

______

Two types of endocytosis:

1. Phagocytosis: ______

(1) Attachment: ______

(2) Phagosome formation: ______

______

______

(3) Phagosome-lysosome fusion: ______

______

(4) Digestion: ______

______

What types of cells does this only occur in? ______

2. Bulk-phase Endocytosis: ______

(1) ______, forms pinocytotic vesicle that pulls in

______to be

surrounded

(2) Vesicles ______of plasma membrane enter ______

(3) Vesicles fuse with ______, and then ______degrade

engulfed solutes

(4) Degraded solutes, like ______and ______leave

Lysosome to be used elsewhere in the cell

EXOCYTOSIS

______

Do all cells carry out exocytosis? ______

Exocytosis is most important in these two types of cells:

(1) ______

Release digestive enzymes, hormones, mucus, and other secretions

(2) ______

Releases neurotransmitters

CHECKPOINT:

  1. What is the key difference between passive and active transport? ______

IV. Cytoplasm

OBJ: Describe the structure and Functions of cytoplasm, cytosol, and organelles.

  1. Cytoplasm defined: ______

______

______

  1. Cytosol

1. Cytosol defined: ______

______

2. What is cytosol composed of? ______

______

3. What do the chemical reactions that occur in the cytosol help the cell with? ______

______

CYTOSKELETON

a. Extends throughout cytosol

b. Network of three different types of protein filaments:

–______

–______

–______

c. Microfilament functions:

–______

–______

–______

d. Microvilli functions:

–______

–______

–______

e. Intermediate filaments functions:

–______

–______

–______

f. Microtubules functions:

–______

–______

–______

  1. Organelles

Label the lettered organelles on the diagram pictured below:

  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. ______
  5. ______
  6. ______
  7. ______
  8. ______
  9. ______
  10. ______
  11. ______
  12. ______
  13. ______
  14. ______

Describe briefly the function of each organelle listed below:

1. Centrosome:

2. Cilia:

3. Flagella:

4. Ribosomes:

5. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum:

6. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum:

7. Golgi Complex:

8. Lysosomes:

9. Peroxisomes:

10. Proteasomes:

11. Mitochondria:

CHECKPOINT:

  1. What does cytoplasm have that cytosol does not? ______
  2. What is an organelle? ______

V. Nucleus

OBJ: Describe the structure and functions of the nucleus.

Label the lettered organelles on the diagram pictured below :

  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. ______
  5. ______
  6. ______

Describe briefly the function of nucleus below: ______

CHECKPOINT:

  1. Why is the nucleus so important in the life of a cell? ______

VI. Gene Action: Protein Synthesis

OBJ: Outline the sequence of events involved in protein synthesis.

1. What do the proteins made during protein synthesis determine for cells and organisms?

  1. Where in the cell and on what is the code for making proteins stored?
  1. Define protein synthesis.

A. Transcription

1. Where does this process take place in the cell?

2. What enzyme catalyzes this process?

3. Compare the three types of RNA (you may need to do some research) in the chart below:

B. Translation

1. What happens during translation?

2. Label and color (first fill in the color key on the lower right side) the chart below:

VII. Somatic Cell Division

OBJ: Discuss the stages, events, and significance of somatic cell division.

1. Why are body cells replaced? ______

A. Interphase

1. What is the first step? ______

2. What else occurs during interphase?

______

B. Mitotic Phase

1. What becomes visible during this phase? ______

1. Nuclear Division: Mitosis

a. Four stages:

(1) ______

- ______

- ______

- ______

- ______

(2) ______

- ______

(3) ______

- ______

- ______

(4) ______

- ______

- ______

- ______

- ______

2. Cytoplasmic Division: Cytokinesis

a. Division of the ______

b. Begins with formation of a ______in plasma membrane that pinches

inward

VIII. Cellular Diversity

OBJ: Describe how cells differ in size and shape.

•Average humans has about 100 trillion cells of varying sizes

–Cell size is measured in micrometers (µm)

•1 micrometer = 1 one-millionth of a meter

•Largest cell in human body is an oocyte with a diameter of 140 µm

–Average hair strands is ~100 µm in diameter

•Cells can be round, oval, flat, cube-shaped, column-shaped, elongated, star-shaped, cylindrical, or disc-shaped

–Shape is related to function

** An oocyte is a female germ cell or gamete.

Figure 3.22, page 69:

  1. How is the shape of the cells in Figure 3.22 related to their functions?

Sperm cell:

Nerve cell:

Smooth muscle cell:

Red blood cell:

IX. Aging and Cells

OBJ: Describe the cellular changes that occur with aging

As we age our cells ability to divide is diminished.

DNA sequences that code for cell division break down.

Free radical control becomes limited.

Autoimmune responses slow down.

Critical thinking applications:

  1. Jethro loves his French fries super-sized with extra salt. He dropped Anatomy & Physiology last semester but remembers something about a pump. “Hey, I’m a big guy. I need the extra salt to power my sodium pump.” How well does Jethro remember his Anatomy & Physiology?
  2. Your friend Sam works a highly stressful job as a neurosurgeon. His diet during long, extended shifts consists mainly of chocolate and Sweet Ice Tea. He has been sick a lot and feels that his job is prematurely aging him. Your response to Sam is that he should examine his diet. Why do you respond this way?

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