Chapter 2 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-BASIC CHEMISTRY
Name______
I.Concepts of Matter & Energy
§ Matter=”stuff” of the universe existing as ______states on earth/solid has definite volume and shape;liquid only definite volume and gas-has neither
§ Physical change-does not alter basic nature whereas chemical alters ______.
§ ENERGYonly measured by effects on matter-______
§ ______energy of motion and potential is ______.
§ Energy forms:
1. ______-stored in chemical bonds-involved in cellular respiration
2. ______-comes from movement of charged particles-used in nerve impulses
3. ______-Directly involved in moving matter-eg.movement of limbs
4. ______-travels in waves;electromagnetic spectrum-x-rays,infrared,visible light,radio,UV,gamma
§ Energy is usually converted from one form to another-some of initial energy is lost to environment
II. Composition of Matter
§ 112 ______-alike in atoms and unique atomic #/represented on periodic table,organized by atomic # and short hand representation is ______-Look at Chart p.30
§ Atoms made of positive protons and neutral ______in nucleus,surrounded by ______electrons,in energy levels
§ Atomic # = # protons
§ Atomic mass #= # p+n
§ Atomic mass –average of all isotope masses for an element
® ______are atoms that differ in number of neutrons,are identified by mass number,and one medical use is as tracers in medical diagnosis.---see.pp. 8 and 9
® ______occur whenever atoms combine with or dissociate from other atoms
® ______-2 or more combined chemically;more specifically a compound
® 2 bonds we see in living things are ______,w/a transfer of electrons and ______w/a sharing of electrons
® Outer -______electrons determine bonding capacity and thus properties
® ______-charged atom
® Polar molecules have unequal sharing of electrons ,as seen in water
® Water bonds to other water atoms by H- bonds-a weak bond
® These combined H-bonds create a high surface tension
® 3 reaction types
A) synthesis ----2H2 + O2à 2H2O
B) ______------H2Oà 2H2 +O2
C) Exchange---2HCl + Znà ZnCl2 +H2 OR HCl + NaOHà HOH +NaCl
III. Biochemistry:Chemical Composition of Living Matter
® ______contain carbon ,but not all are involved in living things(inorganic lack C-CO,CO2 and cyanide 3 exemptions-they are inorganic)
INORGANICS_WATER
1. high heat capacity(ie before a temperature change thus preventing us from sudden body temperature changes.
2. ______-“universal solvent”
§ Solute dissolves in a ______to make a solution-Thus water able to transport many materials
3. chemical reactivity
® ______reaction---water added to the bond.
4.______-protective as in CSF or amniotic fluid……………………………………..
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS- SALTS
® Salt contains cation besides H+ and an anion besides OH-…examples:NaCl,KCl,CaI2
® Easily separate into ions______
® Because ions are charged particles,all salts are ______-able to conduct a current
® ______-pH<7 and proton donor
® ______-pH> 7 and proton acceptor
® pH measures H+ concentration
® Acid +Base=Salt + water –all neutral
® ______prevents sharp pH change
FOUR CLASSES of MACROMOLECULES in Living Things:
- Carbohydrates-FIRST SOURCE FOR ENERGY!!!!!inc. sugars,starches/have C,H and O in a 1:2:1 ratio
Example: C6H12O6= GLUCOSE
Sugars inc. monosaccharides(Glucose and fructose,,disaccharides(Sucrose,lactose,maltose) and polysaccharides(starch and glycogen)….Examples of starches______
- Lipids-made of C,H and O---look at lipid table p.47
---made up of often fatty acids and glycerol
______-are solid fats with all C-C bonds filled-no double or triple bonds….
______-are liquids and they have at least 1 C-C double bond
§ Neutral fats_triglycerides-in fat deposits-in subcutaneous tissue and around organs-protect,insulate and major energy source
® Trans fats----oils solidifies by adding H atoms----considered bad for the cardiovascular system
® Omega -3 fatty acids(in cold water fish)-help your heart and immune system
® Phospholipids found in cell membrane
® ______fat soluble-inc. cholesterol and hormones-cholesterol basis of all body steroids
® ______a breakdown product of cholesterol;released by liver into digestive tract-aid in fat digestion and absorption
® ______-cortisol;aldersterone
® Includes vitamins A(for vision)E(wound healing,fertility,antioxidant),K(for clotting,Prostaglandins-from fatty acid-membranes(used in labor,blood pressure,movement in digestive tract and in inflammation),lipoproteins(transport fatty acids and cholesterol in bloodstream-HDL and LDL-bad cholesterol)
3. PROTEINS-made up of monomer of amino acids;>50% organic matter,contain C,H,O,and N,~ 20 amino acids,polypeptide is another word for protein and peptide bonds join amino acids
® Fibrous(or structural) Proteins are in most body structures;provide strength-eg.collagen in bones,cartilage and tendons…..also KERATIN—protein of hair and nails
® Globular proteins-mobile and mostly spherical and DO things---FUNCTIONAL PROTEINS----examples:enzymes-regulate reactions---H-bonds and van der waals force help them-like hemoglogin,keep their shape
® Draw an enzyme –substrate complex and label active site
® Enzymes usually end in –ase(sugars in –ose)
4. NUCLEIC ACIDS-made of C,H,O,N and PDNA provides heredity and RNA takes DNA’s info to make proteins/the monomer is a nucleotide consisting of sugar,nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.Label the nucleotide for DNA,then RNA:
-
ATP is the energy storage molecule-This is what carbs are broken down into so we can get usable energy---ATP and ADP continually recycle
6