1

Chapter 7: References

Abramov, A. Y., Canevari, L. & Duchen, M. R. (2004a) Beta-amyloid peptides induce mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in astrocytes and death of neurons through activation of NADPH oxidase. J Neurosci, 24, 565-75.

Abramov, A. Y., Canevari, L. & Duchen, M. R. (2004b) Calcium signals induced by amyloid beta peptide and their consequences in neurons and astrocytes in culture. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1742, 81-7.

Acharya, P. & Rao, N. M. (2003) Stability studies on a lipase from Bacillus subtilis in guanidinium chloride. J Protein Chem, 22, 51-60.

Ancsin, J. B. & Kisilevsky, R. (1999) The heparin/heparan sulfate-binding site on apo-serum amyloid A. Implications for the therapeutic intervention of amyloidosis. J Biol Chem, 274, 7172-81.

Anfinsen, C. B. (1973) Principles that govern the folding of protein chains. Science, 181, 223-30.

Anguiano, M., Nowak, R. J. & Lansbury, P. T., Jr. (2002) Protofibrillar islet amyloid polypeptide permeabilizes synthetic vesicles by a pore-like mechanism that may be relevant to type II diabetes. Biochemistry, 41, 11338-43.

Arispe, N. & Doh, M. (2002) Plasma membrane cholesterol controls the cytotoxicity of Alzheimer's disease AbetaP (1-40) and (1-42) peptides. Faseb J, 16, 1526-36.

Ashburn, T. T. & Lansbury, P. T., Jr. (1993) Interspecies sequence variations affect the kinetics and thermodynamics of amyloid formation: peptide models of pancreatic amyloid. J Am Chem Soc, 115, 11012-13.

Atwood, C. S., Perry, G., Zeng, H., Kato, Y., Jones, W. D., Ling, K. Q., Huang, X., Moir, R. D., Wang, D., Sayre, L. M., Smith, M. A., Chen, S. G. & Bush, A. I. (2004) Copper mediates dityrosine cross-linking of Alzheimer's amyloid-beta. Biochemistry, 43, 560-8.

Bai, J. Z., Saafi, E. L., Zhang, S. & Cooper, G. J. (1999) Role of Ca2+ in apoptosis evoked by human amylin in pancreatic islet beta-cells. Biochem J, 343 Pt 1, 53-61.

Bame, K. J., Danda, J., Hassall, A. & Tumova, S. (1997) Abeta(1-40) prevents heparanase-catalyzed degradation of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in vitro. A role for heparan sulfate proteoglycan turnover in Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Chem, 272, 17005-11.

Behl, C., Davis, J. B., Lesley, R. & Schubert, D. (1994) Hydrogen peroxide mediates amyloid beta protein toxicity. Cell, 77, 817-27.

Boggs, L. N., Fuson, K. S., Baez, M., Churgay, L., Mcclure, D., Becker, G. & May, P. C. (1996) Clusterin (Apo J) protects against in vitro amyloid-beta (1-40) neurotoxicity. J Neurochem, 67, 1324-7.

Bradbury, A. F. & Smyth, D. G. (1991) Peptide amidation. Trends Biochem Sci, 16, 112-5.

Bretherton-Watt, D., Gilbey, S. G., Ghatei, M. A., Beacham, J., Macrae, A. D. & Bloom, S. R. (1992) Very high concentrations of islet amyloid polypeptide are necessary to alter the insulin response to intravenous glucose in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 74, 1032-5.

Bucciantini, M., Calloni, G., Chiti, F., Formigli, L., Nosi, D., Dobson, C. M. & Stefani, M. (2004) Prefibrillar amyloid protein aggregates share common features of cytotoxicity. J Biol Chem, 279, 31374-82.

Bucciantini, M., Giannoni, E., Chiti, F., Baroni, F., Formigli, L., Zurdo, J., Taddei, N., Ramponi, G., Dobson, C. M. & Stefani, M. (2002) Inherent toxicity of aggregates implies a common mechanism for protein misfolding diseases. Nature, 416, 507-11.

Bucciantini, M., Rigacci, S., Berti, A., Pieri, L., Cecchi, C., Nosi, D., Formigli, L., Chiti, F. & Stefani, M. (2005) Patterns of cell death triggered in two different cell lines by HypF-N prefibrillar aggregates. Faseb J, 19, 437-9.

Calero, M., Rostagno, A., Matsubara, E., Zlokovic, B., Frangione, B. & Ghiso, J. (2000) Apolipoprotein J (clusterin) and Alzheimer's disease. Microsc Res Tech, 50, 305-15.

Calero, M., Tokuda, T., Rostagno, A., Kumar, A., Zlokovic, B., Frangione, B. & Ghiso, J. (1999) Functional and structural properties of lipid-associated apolipoprotein J (clusterin). Biochem J, 344 Pt 2, 375-83.

Cardin, A. D. & Weintraub, H. J. (1989) Molecular modeling of protein-glycosaminoglycan interactions. Arteriosclerosis, 9, 21-32.

Carty, M. D., Lillquist, J. S., Peshavaria, M., Stein, R. & Soeller, W. C. (1997) Identification of cis- and trans-active factors regulating human islet amyloid polypeptide gene expression in pancreatic beta-cells. J Biol Chem, 272, 11986-93.

Carulla, N., Caddy, G. L., Hall, D. R., Zurdo, J., Gairi, M., Feliz, M., Giralt, E., Robinson, C. V. & Dobson, C. M. (2005) Molecular recycling within amyloid fibrils. Nature, 436, 554-8.

Castillo, G. M., Cummings, J. A., Yang, W., Judge, M. E., Sheardown, M. J., Rimvall, K., Hansen, J. B. & Snow, A. D. (1998) Sulfate content and specific glycosaminoglycan backbone of perlecan are critical for perlecan's enhancement of islet amyloid polypeptide (amylin) fibril formation. Diabetes, 47, 612-20.

Castillo, G. M., Lukito, W., Wight, T. N. & Snow, A. D. (1999) The sulfate moieties of glycosaminoglycans are critical for the enhancement of beta-amyloid protein fibril formation. J Neurochem, 72, 1681-7.

Castillo, G. M., Ngo, C., Cummings, J., Wight, T. N. & Snow, A. D. (1997) Perlecan binds to the beta-amyloid proteins (A beta) of Alzheimer's disease, accelerates A beta fibril formation, and maintains A beta fibril stability. J Neurochem, 69, 2452-65.

Chiti, F., Webster, P., Taddei, N., Clark, A., Stefani, M., Ramponi, G. & Dobson, C. M. (1999) Designing conditions for in vitro formation of amyloid protofilaments and fibrils. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96, 3590-4.

Clark, A., De Koning, E. J., Hattersley, A. T., Hansen, B. C., Yajnik, C. S. & Poulton, J. (1995) Pancreatic pathology in non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM). Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 28 Suppl, S39-47.

Clark, A., Lloyd, J., Novials, A., Hutton, J. C. & Morris, J. F. (1991) Localisation of islet amyloid polypeptide and its carboxy terminal flanking peptide in islets of diabetic man and monkey. Diabetologia, 34, 449-51.

Clark, A. & Nilsson, M. R. (2004) Islet amyloid: a complication of islet dysfunction or an aetiological factor in Type 2 diabetes? Diabetologia, 47, 157-69.

Cohen, R. S. & Meselson, M. (1985) Separate regulatory elements for the heat-inducible and ovarian expression of the Drosophila hsp26 gene. Cell, 43, 737-46.

Cohlberg, J. A., Li, J., Uversky, V. N. & Fink, A. L. (2002) Heparin and other glycosaminoglycans stimulate the formation of amyloid fibrils from alpha-synuclein in vitro. Biochemistry, 41, 1502-11.

D'Alessio, D. A., Verchere, C. B., Kahn, S. E., Hoagland, V., Baskin, D. G., Palmiter, R. D. & Ensinck, J. W. (1994) Pancreatic expression and secretion of human islet amyloid polypeptide in a transgenic mouse. Diabetes, 43, 1457-61.

Daneman, D. (2006) Type 1 diabetes. Lancet, 367, 847-58.

Demattos, R. B., Cirrito, J. R., Parsadanian, M., May, P. C., O'dell, M. A., Taylor, J. W., Harmony, J. A., Aronow, B. J., Bales, K. R., Paul, S. M. & Holtzman, D. M. (2004) ApoE and clusterin cooperatively suppress Abeta levels and deposition: evidence that ApoE regulates extracellular Abeta metabolism in vivo. Neuron, 41, 193-202.

Demattos, R. B., O'dell M, A., Parsadanian, M., Taylor, J. W., Harmony, J. A., Bales, K. R., Paul, S. M., Aronow, B. J. & Holtzman, D. M. (2002) Clusterin promotes amyloid plaque formation and is critical for neuritic toxicity in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99, 10843-8.

Demuro, A., Mina, E., Kayed, R., Milton, S. C., Parker, I. & Glabe, C. G. (2005) Calcium dysregulation and membrane disruption as a ubiquitous neurotoxic mechanism of soluble amyloid oligomers. J Biol Chem, 280, 17294-300.

Droge, W. (2002) Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol Rev, 82, 47-95.

Esapa, C., Moffitt, J. H., Novials, A., Mcnamara, C. M., Levy, J. C., Laakso, M., Gomis, R. & Clark, A. (2005) Islet amyloid polypeptide gene promoter polymorphisms are not associated with Type 2 diabetes or with the severity of islet amyloidosis. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1740, 74-8.

Fezoui, Y. & Teplow, D. B. (2002) Kinetic studies of amyloid beta-protein fibril assembly. Differential effects of alpha-helix stabilization. J Biol Chem, 277, 36948-54.

Fink, A. L. (1999) Chaperone-mediated protein folding. Physiol Rev, 79, 425-49.

Fox, N., Schrementi, J., Nishi, M., Ohagi, S., Chan, S. J., Heisserman, J. A., Westermark, G. T., Leckstrom, A., Westermark, P. & Steiner, D. F. (1993) Human islet amyloid polypeptide transgenic mice as a model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). FEBS Lett, 323, 40-4.

Furukawa, H., Carroll, R. J., Swift, H. H. & Steiner, D. F. (1999) Long-term elevation of free fatty acids leads to delayed processing of proinsulin and prohormone convertases 2 and 3 in the pancreatic beta-cell line MIN6. Diabetes, 48, 1395-401.

Gai, W. P., Power, J. H., Blumbergs, P. C., Culvenor, J. G. & Jensen, P. H. (1999) Alpha-synuclein immunoisolation of glial inclusions from multiple system atrophy brain tissue reveals multiprotein components. J Neurochem, 73, 2093-100.

Gebre-Medhin, S., Mulder, H., Pekny, M., Westermark, G., Tornell, J., Westermark, P., Sundler, F., Ahren, B. & Betsholtz, C. (1998) Increased insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in mice lacking islet amyloid polypeptide (amylin). Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 250, 271-7.

Ghiso, J., Matsubara, E., Koudinov, A., Choi-Miura, N. H., Tomita, M., Wisniewski, T. & Frangione, B. (1993) The cerebrospinal-fluid soluble form of Alzheimer's amyloid beta is complexed to SP-40,40 (apolipoprotein J), an inhibitor of the complement membrane-attack complex. Biochem J, 293 ( Pt 1), 27-30.

Gigli, M., Consonni, A., Ghiselli, G., Rizzo, V., Naggi, A. & Torri, G. (1992) Heparin binding to human plasma low-density lipoproteins: dependence on heparin sulfation degree and chain length. Biochemistry, 31, 5996-6003.

Goers, J., Permyakov, S. E., Permyakov, E. A., Uversky, V. N. & Fink, A. L. (2002) Conformational prerequisites for alpha-lactalbumin fibrillation. Biochemistry, 41, 12546-51.

Goldsbury, C., Goldie, K., Pellaud, J., Seelig, J., Frey, P., Muller, S. A., Kistler, J., Cooper, G. J. & Aebi, U. (2000) Amyloid fibril formation from full-length and fragments of amylin. J Struct Biol, 130, 352-62.

Goldsbury, C. S., Cooper, G. J., Goldie, K. N., Muller, S. A., Saafi, E. L., Gruijters, W. T., Misur, M. P., Engel, A., Aebi, U. & Kistler, J. (1997) Polymorphic fibrillar assembly of human amylin. J Struct Biol, 119, 17-27.

Green, J. D., Goldsbury, C., Kistler, J., Cooper, G. J. & Aebi, U. (2004) Human amylin oligomer growth and fibril elongation define two distinct phases in amyloid formation. J Biol Chem, 279, 12206-12.

Harper, J. D. & Lansbury, P. T., Jr. (1997) Models of amyloid seeding in Alzheimer's disease and scrapie: mechanistic truths and physiological consequences of the time-dependent solubility of amyloid proteins. Annu Rev Biochem, 66, 385-407.

Harroun, T. A., Bradshaw, J. P. & Ashley, R. H. (2001) Inhibitors can arrest the membrane activity of human islet amyloid polypeptide independently of amyloid formation. FEBS Lett, 507, 200-4.

Hatters, D. M., Lindner, R. A., Carver, J. A. & Howlett, G. J. (2001) The molecular chaperone, alpha-crystallin, inhibits amyloid formation by apolipoprotein C-II. Journal of Biological Chemistry., 276, 33755-61.

Hatters, D. M., Minton, A. P. & Howlett, G. J. (2002a) Macromolecular crowding accelerates amyloid formation by human apolipoprotein C-II. Journal of Biological Chemistry., 277, 7824-30.

Hatters, D. M., Wilson, M. R., Easterbrook-Smith, S. B. & Howlett, G. J. (2002b) Suppression of apolipoprotein C-II amyloid formation by the extracellular chaperone, clusterin. Eur J Biochem, 269, 2789-94.

Higham, C. E., Hull, R. L., Lawrie, L., Shennan, K. I., Morris, J. F., Birch, N. P., Docherty, K., Clark, A., Jaikaran, E. T., Fraser, P. E. & Gross, M. (2000a) Processing of synthetic pro-islet amyloid polypeptide (proIAPP) 'amylin' by recombinant prohormone convertase enzymes, PC2 and PC3, in vitro

Higham, C. E., Jaikaran, E. T., Fraser, P. E., Gross, M. & Clark, A. (2000b) Preparation of synthetic human islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) in a stable conformation to enable study of conversion to amyloid-like fibrils. FEBS Lett, 470, 55-60.

Hochgrebe, T., Pankhurst, G. J., Wilce, J. & Easterbrook-Smith, S. B. (2000) pH-dependent changes in the in vitro ligand-binding properties and structure of human clusterin. Biochemistry, 39, 1411-9.

Holmgren, A., Soderberg, B. O., Eklund, H. & Branden, C. I. (1975) Three-dimensional structure of Escherichia coli thioredoxin-S2 to 2.8 A resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 72, 2305-9.

Holzinger, A., Phillips, K. S. & Weaver, T. E. (1996) Single-step purification/solubilization of recombinant proteins: application to surfactant protein B. Biotechniques, 20, 804-6, 808.

Honeyman, M. (2005) How robust is the evidence for viruses in the induction of type 1 diabetes? Curr Opin Immunol, 17, 616-23.

Hoppener, J. W., Verbeek, J. S., De Koning, E. J., Oosterwijk, C., Van Hulst, K. L., Visser-Vernooy, H. J., Hofhuis, F. M., Van Gaalen, S., Berends, M. J., Hackeng, W. H. & Et Al. (1993) Chronic overproduction of islet amyloid polypeptide/amylin in transgenic mice: lysosomal localization of human islet amyloid polypeptide and lack of marked hyperglycaemia or hyperinsulinaemia. Diabetologia, 36, 1258-65.

Horwich, A. (2002) Protein aggregation in disease: a role for folding intermediates forming specific multimeric interactions. J Clin Invest, 110, 1221-32.

Hou, X., Ling, Z., Quartier, E., Foriers, A., Schuit, F., Pipeleers, D. & Van Schravendijk, C. (1999) Prolonged exposure of pancreatic beta cells to raised glucose concentrations results in increased cellular content of islet amyloid polypeptide precursors. Diabetologia, 42, 188-94.

Humphreys, D. T., Carver, J. A., Easterbrook-Smith, S. B. & Wilson, M. R. (1999) Clusterin has chaperone-like activity similar to that of small heat shock proteins. J Biol Chem, 274, 6875-81.

Hyman, B. T., Gomez-Isla, T., West, H., Briggs, M., Chung, H., Growdon, J. H. & Rebeck, G. W. (1996) Clinical and neuropathological correlates of apolipoprotein E genotype in Alzheimer's disease. Window on molecular epidemiology. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 777, 158-65.

Ianaro, A., Ialenti, A., Maffia, P., Pisano, B. & Di Rosa, M. (2001) HSF1/hsp72 pathway as an endogenous anti-inflammatory system. FEBS Lett, 499, 239-44.

Inoue, S., Kuroiwa, M. & Kisilevsky, R. (1999) Basement membranes, microfibrils and beta amyloid fibrillogenesis in Alzheimer's disease: high resolution ultrastructural findings. Brain Res Brain Res Rev, 29, 218-31.

Inoue, S., Kuroiwa, M. & Kisilevsky, R. (2002) AA protein in experimental murine AA amyloid fibrils: a high resolution ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study comparing aldehyde-fixed and cryofixed tissues. Amyloid, 9, 115-25.

Inoue, S., Kuroiwa, M., Ohashi, K., Hara, M. & Kisilevsky, R. (1997) Ultrastructural organization of hemodialysis-associated beta 2-microglobulin amyloid fibrils. Kidney Int, 52, 1543-9.

Inoue, S., Kuroiwa, M., Saraiva, M. J., Guimaraes, A. & Kisilevsky, R. (1998) Ultrastructure of familial amyloid polyneuropathy amyloid fibrils: examination with high-resolution electron microscopy. J Struct Biol, 124, 1-12.

Ito, H., Okamoto, K. & Kato, K. (1998) Enhancement of expression of stress proteins by agents that lower the levels of glutathione in cells. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1397, 223-30.

Jaenicke, R. & Rudolph, R. (1989) Folding proteins. IN Creighton, T. E. (Ed.) Protein Structure. 1 ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Jaikaran, E. T. & Clark, A. (2001) Islet amyloid and type 2 diabetes: from molecular misfolding to islet pathophysiology. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1537, 179-203.

Jaikaran, E. T., Higham, C. E., Serpell, L. C., Zurdo, J., Gross, M., Clark, A. & Fraser, P. E. (2001) Identification of a novel human islet amyloid polypeptide beta-sheet domain and factors influencing fibrillogenesis. Journal of Molecular Biology., 308, 515-25.

Jaikaran, E. T., Nilsson, M. R. & Clark, A. (2004) Pancreatic beta-cell granule peptides form heteromolecular complexes which inhibit islet amyloid polypeptide fibril formation. Biochem J, 377, 709-16.

Janciauskiene, S. & Ahren, B. (1998) Different sensitivity to the cytotoxic action of IAPP fibrils in two insulin-producing cell lines, HIT-T15 and RINm5F cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 251, 888-93.

Janciauskiene, S. & Ahren, B. (2000) Fibrillar islet amyloid polypeptide differentially affects oxidative mechanisms and lipoprotein uptake in correlation with cytotoxicity in two insulin-producing cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 267, 619-25.

Janson, J., Ashley, R. H., Harrison, D., Mcintyre, S. & Butler, P. C. (1999) The mechanism of islet amyloid polypeptide toxicity is membrane disruption by intermediate-sized toxic amyloid particles. Diabetes, 48, 491-8.

Jarrett, J. T. & Lansbury, P. T., Jr. (1993) Seeding "one-dimensional crystallization" of amyloid: a pathogenic mechanism in Alzheimer's disease and scrapie? Cell, 73, 1055-8.

Jimenez, J. L., Nettleton, E. J., Bouchard, M., Robinson, C. V., Dobson, C. M. & Saibil, H. R. (2002) The protofilament structure of insulin amyloid fibrils. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99, 9196-201.

Kahn, S. E. & Halban, P. A. (1997) Release of incompletely processed proinsulin is the cause of the disproportionate proinsulinemia of NIDDM. Diabetes, 46, 1725-32.

Kajava, A. V., Aebi, U. & Steven, A. C. (2005) The parallel superpleated beta-structure as a model for amyloid fibrils of human amylin. J Mol Biol, 348, 247-52.

Kapron, J. T., Hilliard, G. M., Lakins, J. N., Tenniswood, M. P., West, K. A., Carr, S. A. & Crabb, J. W. (1997) Identification and characterization of glycosylation sites in human serum clusterin. Protein Sci, 6, 2120-33.

Kapurniotu, A. (2001) Amyloidogenicity and cytotoxicity of islet amyloid polypeptide. Biopolymers, 60, 438-59.

Kaufmann, J. E., Irminger, J. C. & Halban, P. A. (1995) Sequence requirements for proinsulin processing at the B-chain/C-peptide junction. Biochem J, 310 ( Pt 3), 869-74.

Kaufmann, J. E., Irminger, J. C., Mungall, J. & Halban, P. A. (1997) Proinsulin conversion in GH3 cells after coexpression of human proinsulin with the endoproteases PC2 and/or PC3. Diabetes, 46, 978-82.

Kawahara, M. & Kuroda, Y. (2000) Molecular mechanism of neurodegeneration induced by Alzheimer's beta-amyloid protein: channel formation and disruption of calcium homeostasis. Brain Res Bull, 53, 389-97.

Kawahara, M., Kuroda, Y., Arispe, N. & Rojas, E. (2000) Alzheimer's beta-amyloid, human islet amylin, and prion protein fragment evoke intracellular free calcium elevations by a common mechanism in a hypothalamic GnRH neuronal cell line. J Biol Chem, 275, 14077-83.

Kayed, R., Bernhagen, J., Greenfield, N., Sweimeh, K., Brunner, H., Voelter, W. & Kapurniotu, A. (1999) Conformational transitions of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) in amyloid formation in vitro. J Mol Biol, 287, 781-96.

Kayed, R., Head, E., Thompson, J. L., Mcintire, T. M., Milton, S. C., Cotman, C. W. & Glabe, C. G. (2003) Common structure of soluble amyloid oligomers implies common mechanism of pathogenesis. Science, 300, 486-9.

Kelly, J. W. (1998) The environmental dependency of protein folding best explains prion and amyloid diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 95, 930-2.

Kempster, S., Collins, M. E., Aronow, B. J., Simmons, M., Green, R. B. & Edington, N. (2004) Clusterin shortens the incubation and alters the histopathology of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in mice. Neuroreport, 15, 1735-8.

Khurana, R., Ionescu-Zanetti, C., Pope, M., Li, J., Nielson, L., Ramirez-Alvarado, M., Regan, L., Fink, A. L. & Carter, S. A. (2003) A general model for amyloid fibril assembly based on morphological studies using atomic force microscopy. Biophys J, 85, 1135-44.

Kim, B. M., Han, Y. M., Shin, Y. J., Min, B. H. & Park, I. S. (2001) Clusterin expression during regeneration of pancreatic islet cells in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetologia, 44, 2192-202.

Kirkitadze, M. D., Condron, M. M. & Teplow, D. B. (2001) Identification and characterization of key kinetic intermediates in amyloid beta-protein fibrillogenesis. J Mol Biol, 312, 1103-19.

Klemenz, R. & Gehring, W. J. (1986) Sequence requirement for expression of the Drosophila melanogaster heat shock protein hsp22 gene during heat shock and normal development. Mol Cell Biol, 6, 2011-9.

Klug, G. M., Losic, D., Subasinghe, S. S., Aguilar, M. I., Martin, L. L. & Small, D. H. (2003) Beta-amyloid protein oligomers induced by metal ions and acid pH are distinct from those generated by slow spontaneous ageing at neutral pH. Eur J Biochem, 270, 4282-93.

Klunk, W. E., Jacob, R. F. & Mason, R. P. (1999) Quantifying amyloid by congo red spectral shift assay. Methods Enzymol, 309, 285-305.

Koistinen, H. A. & Zierath, J. R. (2002) Regulation of glucose transport in human skeletal muscle. Ann Med, 34, 410-8.

Konarkowska, B., Aitken, J. F., Kistler, J., Zhang, S. & Cooper, G. J. (2005) Thiol reducing compounds prevent human amylin-evoked cytotoxicity. Febs J, 272, 4949-59.

Kounnas, M. Z., Loukinova, E. B., Stefansson, S., Harmony, J. A., Brewer, B. H., Strickland, D. K. & Argraves, W. S. (1995) Identification of glycoprotein 330 as an endocytic receptor for apolipoprotein J/clusterin. J Biol Chem, 270, 13070-5.

Kourie, J. I. & Henry, C. L. (2002) Ion channel formation and membrane-linked pathologies of misfolded hydrophobic proteins: the role of dangerous unchaperoned molecules. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 29, 741-53.

Krampert, M., Bernhagen, J., Schmucker, J., Horn, A., Schmauder, A., Brunner, H., Voelter, W. & Kapurniotu, A. (2000) Amyloidogenicity of recombinant human pro-islet amyloid polypeptide (ProIAPP). Chem Biol, 7, 855-71.

Kudva, Y. C., Mueske, C., Butler, P. C. & Eberhardt, N. L. (1998) A novel assay in vitro of human islet amyloid polypeptide amyloidogenesis and effects of insulin secretory vesicle peptides on amyloid formation. Biochem J, 331 ( Pt 3), 809-13.

Lakins, J. N., Poon, S., Easterbrook-Smith, S. B., Carver, J. A., Tenniswood, M. P. & Wilson, M. R. (2002) Evidence that clusterin has discrete chaperone and ligand binding sites. Biochemistry, 41, 282-91.

Lambert, M. P., Barlow, A. K., Chromy, B. A., Edwards, C., Freed, R., Liosatos, M., Morgan, T. E., Rozovsky, I., Trommer, B., Viola, K. L., Wals, P., Zhang, C., Finch, C. E., Krafft, G. A. & Klein, W. L. (1998) Diffusible, nonfibrillar ligands derived from Abeta1-42 are potent central nervous system neurotoxins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 95, 6448-53.

Larson, J. L., Ko, E. & Miranker, A. D. (2000) Direct measurement of islet amyloid polypeptide fibrillogenesis by mass spectrometry. Protein Sci, 9, 427-31.

Larson, J. L., Miranker, A. D., Ko, E., Westermark, G. T., Steiner, D. F., Gebre-Medhin, S., Engstrom, U., Westermark, P., Higham, C. E., Hull, R. L., Lawrie, L., Shennan, K. I., Morris, J. F., Birch, N. P., Docherty, K., Clark, A., Jaikaran, E. T., Fraser, P. E. & Gross, M. (2004) The mechanism of insulin action on islet amyloid polypeptide fiber formation. J Mol Biol, 335, 221-31.

Levine, H., 3rd (1993) Thioflavine T interaction with synthetic Alzheimer's disease beta-amyloid peptides: detection of amyloid aggregation in solution. Protein Sci, 2, 404-10.

Levine, H., 3rd (1999) Quantification of beta-sheet amyloid fibril structures with thioflavin T. Methods Enzymol, 309, 274-84.

Levine, H., 3rd (2002) 4,4(')-Dianilino-1,1(')-binaphthyl-5,5(')-disulfonate: report on non-beta-sheet conformers of Alzheimer's peptide beta(1-40). Arch Biochem Biophys, 404, 106-15.

Li, J. P., Escobar Galvis, M. L., Gong, F., Zhang, X., Zcharia, E., Metzger, S., Vlodavsky, I., Kisilevsky, R. & Lindahl, U. (2005) In vivo fragmentation of heparan sulfate by heparanase overexpression renders mice resistant to amyloid protein A amyloidosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.

Lidstrom, A. M., Bogdanovic, N., Hesse, C., Volkman, I., Davidsson, P. & Blennow, K. (1998) Clusterin (apolipoprotein J) protein levels are increased in hippocampus and in frontal cortex in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol, 154, 511-21.

Lin, H., Bhatia, R. & Lal, R. (2001) Amyloid beta protein forms ion channels: implications for Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology. Faseb J, 15, 2433-44.

Lindgren, M., Sorgjerd, K. & Hammarstrom, P. (2005) Detection and characterization of aggregates, prefibrillar amyloidogenic oligomers, and protofibrils using fluorescence spectroscopy. Biophys J, 88, 4200-12.

Lipscombe, R. J., Nakhoul, A. M., Sanderson, C. J. & Coombe, D. R. (1998) Interleukin-5 binds to heparin/heparan sulfate. A model for an interaction with extracellular matrix. J Leukoc Biol, 63, 342-50.

Lorenzo, A., Razzaboni, B., Weir, G. C. & Yankner, B. A. (1994) Pancreatic islet cell toxicity of amylin associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Nature, 368, 756-60.

Lorenzo, A. & Yankner, B. A. (1996) Amyloid fibril toxicity in Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 777, 89-95.

Lundbaek, J. A., Birn, P., Girshman, J., Hansen, A. J. & Andersen, O. S. (1996) Membrane stiffness and channel function. Biochemistry, 35, 3825-30.

Ma, Z. & Westermark, G. T. (2002) Effects of free fatty acid on polymerization of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) in vitro and on amyloid fibril formation in cultivated isolated islets of transgenic mice overexpressing human IAPP. Mol Med, 8, 863-8.