Matter and Energy Ch. 1 and Ch. 4 Study Guide ANSWER KEY

  1. List the 3 states of matter and give details about its shape and volume.
  1. Solid – Has a fixed volume and fixed shape
  1. Liquid – Has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape
  1. Gas – Has no fixed volume and no fixed shape
  1. Weight is the downward pull on an object due to gravity
  1. What formula is used to find the volume of an object? Length x Width x Height
  1. The basic unit of matter is an atom
  1. A molecule is 2 or more atoms that are combined
  1. If the volume of a container stays the same but the temperature inside the container is raised, then the pressure will increase
  1. How do the atoms and molecules of a solid move? They shake back and forth in place
  1. What is an element? A substance made of only one type of atom
  1. Why do many thermometers contain alcohol? Alcohol expands evenly when

temperature increases

  1. A metal spoon is used to stir a pot of hot soup. Explain how the spoon is warmed

The spoon is warmed by conduction

  1. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance
  1. What instrument is used to measure temperature? A thermometer
  1. Why do people wear hats and gloves in the winter?Hats and gloves are insulators
  1. The scientific unit for measuring temperature is degrees Celsius.
  1. Heat is a flow of energy caused by temperature differences.
  1. The kinetic theory of matter states that all particles that make up matter move
  1. One calories of energy must be added to 1 gram of water to increase its temperature by 1 degree C.
  1. What is specific heat? Specific heat is the amount of energy needed to raise the

temperature of any substance by 1 degree Celsius

  1. Energy from the Sun reaches the Earth through radiation.
  1. Iron has a lower specific heat than wood does. This means that if the same masses of iron and wood have equally high temperatures, the iron will cool more quickly than the wood will.
  1. Why does thermal expansion occur? Thermal expansion occurs because particles

move faster and move farther apart at higher temperatures.

  1. How does radiation transfer energy?

Radiation transfers energy through electromagnetic waves.

  1. How does energy as heat flow? Energy as heat flows from objects with a

warmer temperature to objects with a lower temperature.

  1. Why are there cracks in the concrete of sidewalks?

To allow for thermal expansion in hot weather.

  1. The particles that make up a solid move less freely than those of liquids.
  1. How does an alcohol thermometer work? An alcohol thermometer measures

temperature based on the principal of thermal expansion.

  1. An insulator slows the flow of energy from a warmer object to a cooler object.
  1. If you pour soup into a cool bowl when will the energy stop being transferred as heat from the soup to the bowl?

Once the soup and the bowl reach the same temperature the energy will stop

being transferred as heat from the soup to the bowl.

  1. If you have 2 beakers that are both the same temperature but one beaker contains 100 grams of water and the other beaker contains 50 grams of water, which beaker will have the greatest thermal energy? Explain.

The beaker that contains the 100 grams of water will have the greatest

thermal energy since thermal energy is all the kinetic energy of a substance

added together.

  1. How many calories are needed to heat 50 grams of water from 10 degrees Celsius to 100 degrees Celsius? Please show your work.

100 degrees – 10 degrees = 90 degrees

90 degrees x 50 grams = 4500 calories

Please answer 31-32 on a separate sheet of paper.

  1. State the kinetic theory of matter, and use it to explain the differences among solids, liquids, and gases. Include the following terms in your answer: motion, vibrate, kinetic energy, and collisions.

The kinetic theory of matter states that all of the particles in any type of matter are in constant motion, so they all have kinetic energy. The particles that make up a solid move very little; they vibrate back and forth in the same positions and are held together by strong forces of attraction. The particles in liquid move much more freely than those in solids and are able to glide and tumble over one another as they move. Particles in gases often collide at high speeds, but they interact less than particles in liquids and solids.

  1. Two identical bricks are lying on the pavement. One is in the shade, and the other is in sunlight. Compare and contrast the temperatures of the bricks. Use these terms: heat, thermal energy, radiation, and conduction.

Both bricks absorb energy from their surroundings. The brick in the sunshine, however, receives additional energy as heat from solar radiation. This brick has a higher temperature, which means that its particles have a greater average kinetic energy. The brick in the shade absorbs energy due to conduction. Radiation from the Sun warms the ground near the brick. Energy from the ground is transferred to the brick in the shade through heat.