Part one: Spelling(Tricky words, whose spelling was always an issue for me).
Buried-schedule-prominent-receive-deceive-deceased person-disease-perilous-pernicious-ambiguous-psychology-voluntary-volunteer-guarantee-behaviour-disavow-begs-cigarette-laboratories-allow-initiate-humorously-accessible-argument-erosion-exhibit-coffee shop-awkward-exceed-conscience-conscientious-overwhelmed-conspicuous-neutralise-achieve-accumulate-accommodate-exercise-writing-dependant, dependence-believe-intelligent-yourself-account-wherever-process-normally-responsible-destructive-museums-vehicle-billboard-neighborhood-labor-preceding-anxious-peculiar-custom-costume-separate-gradually-fundamental-locally-internationally-of course-relatively-ubiquitous-associate-professionally-competitive-techniques-career-programming-knowledgeable-depression-simultaneously-ancestors-coleague-equivalent-inadvertently-unmanageable-recommend-morally-aggressive-discreetly-assignment-adolescence-dissatisfied-personnel-indigenous-milieu-discrepancy-territory-milieu-compromise
Part 2: Words and Synonyms. These words were used more often in my writing and I didn’t have an alternative for many of them. Therefore, in order to improve variety in the prose, I checked their synonyms in the Dictionary. Some of them do not have synonyms as I just wanted to keep in mind that I could use them in my writing.
+
Some expressions. These expressions were used often in some TOEFL sample writings that I saw, so I wrote them down here.
+
Some handy structures using which you can show the examiners that you have enough knowledge in grammar.
Doom and gloom-doomed and gloomy-meet s ones doom(die)
Revolve around:to have sth as the main subject
Should you study you will pass.(conditional 1)
Had the students studied better,they would have passed the exam(Conditional 3)
Implementation
Facilitate
Commonplace-prevalent=ubiquitous(he was carrying the ubiquitous mp3 player-often humorously)
Pertinent
Virtually=almost
merely
comprised of
associate with
trait
encompass=include
friction
narrowdown:reduce the number of things for searching:narrow down the list
fairly close
until recently
eye-opening news
yield=produce a result-amount of result that sth produces
acquire:gain-get(formal)
increase the employment,survival rate
So much for “….”:there is enough about “…”
Prevalent:common in particular group…etc
Efficacious:effective since:because relate to:درک کردن=understand
Antecedents=ancestors
Set forth(by Aristotle):explain ideas and facts and opinions clearly
Deviation=انحراف
Acquire=Achieve
Earmarked=اختصاص داده شده allocate=اختصاص دادن
Cannot
What is more….
My arguments for this point are listed as follows
Taking into account of all these factors
Sagacious=wise
Prior to=before
Also,too,besides,inaddition,furthermore,moreover,however,but,on the other hand,conversely,yet,though,incontrast,nevertheless,forexample,suchas,e.g.,toillustrate,forinstance,thatis,in other words,infact,indeed,clearly,certainly,of course-meanwhile
Generally speaking,in general,overall,as a result,as a consequence
Identical with:exactly the same,or very similar
Intrinsic-extrinsic:ذاتی-عرضی
INTRINSIC=فی نفسه the forests of the northwest are intrinsically rich
Tempting=tantalizing
Diminish=reduce
Trend towards=a general tendency to do sth:lately there has been a trend towards using cheaper employees
One-fourth
Rigorous:exact and thorough
Affinity=a close relationship because of same qualities two things share:the affinities of Chinese and Christian concept of spirit
White lie=دروغ مصلحت آمیز
Set forth on a voyage:to begin a journey
Celebrated=famous
In conjunction with=in addition,alongside
Engender:to be the cause of a situation or feeling=cause=produce=breed(3)
Improve=ameliorate help=contribute
Endeavor recourse(n)=متوسل شدن
Tenacious=سفت و سخت
Size up=Appraise=evaluate=assess((برای ارزیابی نمرات دانش آموزان و غیره
Hazardous=detrimental=pernicious
It is crystal clear This method could be of no help
Unanimously=به اتفاق آرا
Other than=except for
Aforementioned=فوق الذکر-مزبور
The other side of the coin
Fallacious=based on false ideas
In recapitulation to recap the main points
Pros and cons=advantages and disadvantages of sth
Skeptical=doubtful
Possible=feasible=viable
Devise=invent=conceive
FOR IT determines=BECAUSE it determines
Unprecedented=بی سابقه
Depleted(v)(transitive usually passive)=to reduce(for population or…)depletion(n)
Grandiose schemes/plans=برنامه های رویایی و غیر قابل اجرا
Tenfold=ده برابر=ten times as much as sth
Underlie=to be the base of sthing
it turns out that icebergs might not all go quietly into the night
they soon realized that they had also recorded the sounds of iceberg
That was seven years ago, when administrators first recognized the magnitude of the problem
Magnitude=اهمیت و بزرگی چیزی
Concrete=definite,specific
Portray=depict=describe
Vacate=relinquish
Diversity=variety diverse=eclectic
Welfare=رفاه
Have a propensity to do sth
Bureaucracy-bureaucratic
Make definite decision=resolve She resolved not to marry him
Hyperbole=exaggerate=overstate
Burgeoning population
Dignitary-celebrity-principle-authority-VIP
Facet=aspect
Avert=prevent
Legislate for sth=do sth to prepare for it
Substantial=significant=vital=important
Structure:
It is vital/essential (that)she (should)play with her children.
Zenith=apex=peak
Discreetly=محتاطانه-از روی بصیرت
Impartial=fair
Inordinate=excessive
Limber(adj)=flexible
Swift=fast=quick
Notion=belief
Alibi=excuse
Robust=strong and showing no problems
Novel=new-uncommon
Courtesy of=as a consequent of nicoles head broke courtesy of jacks ice skate(the second thing caused the first)
non-renewable
Eligible=واجد شرایط.مطلوب.درخور
obsession
appoint=گماشتن
Proficiency=competence=مهارت-صلاحیتcompetent
exigent=urgent situation which we have to deal with it quickly
imperative=extremely important needing to be dealt with immediately
team-working
prosperity=موفقیت
It has been taken for granted=کم توجهی بهش شده
subordinate=زیردست
comprehensively=به طور جامع و دقیق
birds, cats, or animals....
Lonesome=lonely
regardless of=in spite of,despite
chiefly=mostly
Incessant=continues
In terms of=از نقطه نظر
everything falls into its proper place
obvious=evident
Structure: Having gained a lot of experience, Spain turned into a wealthy nation: After Spain gained a lot of experience, it turned into a wealthy nation.
7. Do not begin a sentence with a conjunction
A conjunction is a word that is used to connect two words, phrases, or sentences. Here are some examples:and,but,or. Only use these words for connections. Never begin a sentence with one of these words.
We see a lot of essays that start like this:
Yes, I agree wholeheartedly with this point. This issue is a very important one, and I agree with it for several important reasons.
This introduction is not good for the TOEFL because it does not introduce the reader to the topic. In other words, after we read this introduction, we are not sure what the essay is going to be about.
Paraphrase=تفسیر و تاویل
at the expense of=به قیمت از بین بردن...
vividly=clearly
Contraband=کالاهای قاچاقcontraband(adj):contraband cigarettes culprit=مجرم
ware=کالا
niche....>find ur niche=find ur suitable job
craze, fashion craze, music craze,....
constrain from
constrain=confine=restrict=limit
stereotype=تصور غالب مردم.کلیشه
solely=only
Hence=for this reason ....
It is beyond dispute=پذیرفته شده است
Broaden=widen
four-year study
drawback=disadvantage
youngsters
apprentice=کارآموز
burden=مسئولیت سنگین
burden falls on(upon)somebody
stratum=بک طبقه اجتماعی people from different social strata
meticulously=carefully
scanty=not enough There is only scanty evidence of his involvement
plausible=reasonable
sheer happiness=شادی محض
repression=سرکوب
gist=جان کلام-لب کلام
The gist of my arguments
reciprocate-compensate
accustomed to=used to
monopoly of power/monopoly on telephones=take the whole control,so that nothing can compete with it.
pinpoint= to find or show the reason of something, to discover...
problem=predicament(مخمصه)=trouble=complication=difficulty
salient(adj) points: most important points
city-dwellers
Labor(uncountable):a shortage of skilled labor
coerce=force coerce somebody into (doing)something
cope=از عهده چیزی برآمدن-حریف شدن
eradicate=از ریشه کندن چیزی-قلع و قمع کردن چیزی
This problem has been completely eradicated
detractor=بدگو و تخریب گر،منتقد
aside from=جدا از...
dismal=ناراحت کننده،پریشان کننده
preceding=پیشین-قبلی
preceding years
synthetic food=غذای مصنوعی-دقیقا مخالف ارگانیک
outlying=دور افتاده-دور از مرکز
supplant=replace
incongruity=غیر عادی بودن
the incongruity of playing music in films became apparent
industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada
profoundly=deeply
rampant(adj)=pickpocketing is rampant in the New york city(there is a lot of it and it is difficult to control)
discrete=clearly separate
obsolete=منسوخ شده
sanitation=سیستم جمع آوری زباله-بهداشت
poor sanitation public health=بهداشت عمومی
thrifty=economic hard-working and thrifty people
lure=تطمیع کردن-جذب کردن مشتری و...
clever advertising lures people into buying tickets
prepare ground for something=زمینه رو آماده کردن
prerequisite=پیش نیاز
expenses=مخارج
forethoughtful=دوراندیش
turn a blind eye to=چشمپوشی کردن
peopleare to choose a job which compatible with is their spirits
the atmosphere of the place in which people spend a considerable part of their day is another matter of utmost importance.
Regarding=concerning
regarding how animals navigate=در باب اینکه حیوانات چگونه جهت یابی می کنند
preposterous= absurd a preposterous idea
early 1800’s
Divergence= difference
usher in=to cause something new to start
The discovery of oil ushered in an era of prosperity
entity=موجودیت د
Good design brings house and garden together as a single entity
stringent control= strict control سفت و سختstringent laws
lax=not strict enough=slack
matrimony=زناشویی
“...”is open to dispute=”...”is uncertain
governmental subsidy)subsidies)=سوبسید
tighten the rules
assortment=various kinds of different things assortment of knives
it really came of age= it established itself
two methods have come into vogue
paradigm=pattern
across time
hectic life of today
Needless to say,
overuse
in order to take a constructive measure
multitude of=lot of A multitude or multitudes
educated=با سواد و تحصیل کرده
resourceful
To this end,...
parsimonious=کم خرج-صرفه جو
parsimony=صرفه جویی
induce=1.persuade someone to do sthing....induce sbody to do sthing
2.to cause a physical condition: use drugs to induce vomiting
mislead=deceive
cause and effect= The idea that one thing directly causes another
growing population
sought-after
be in the limelight=مرکز توجه
grossly inflated by the media=به طرز اغراق آمیزی بزرگنمایی کرد
illuminatesth=make sth clearer
war is an impediment to human progress=جنگ بازدارنده پیشرفت انسان است
analogies between/with two things=شباهت های دو چیز
failure in work constitutes a breach in contract=کار نکردن به مانند نقض عهد است
amid=in the middle of-while noisy things are happening
exacerbate= make a situation worse
foreshadow(v):از پیش خبر دادن چیزی
seclusion=انزوا
legacy-legacies=میراث و ارث
ailment=بیماری کوچک قابل درمان
philanthropic works=کارهای بشردوستانه
on the strength of something=because of something
subsidize farming=pay parts of the costs of farming
empirical evidence
literacy=the state of being able to read and write
undertake=promise
undertakesth=مسئولیت کاری را پذیرفتن
Monetary=پولی مالی=financial
suggest=القا کردن
softwares
Doing this is simply robbing Peter to pay Paul
Sowing the seeds of future conflicts=بذر دشمنی های بعدی را کاشتن
Whence= from where
meet the criteria=meet the standards
be acquainted with something=to know about something because you have read it or seen it or read it...
be on familiar terms with somebody= He is on familiar terms with all the teachers
exorbitant=expensive
outbreak=وفوع و شروع یک حادثه
fashion= 1.create 2.influence we are fashioned by problems
attendant=accompanied-relating to it nuclear power, with all its attendant risks
exponential increase/growth=rapid increase
succinct-concise-succinctly-concisely-conciseness
hinder=hamper=get in the way of something=imped sth
The crux of the matter is
hastily made judgments
superseded=replaced
close-knit community=جایی که همه همدیگه رو می شناسن به هم کمک و اینا می کنن
testify= شهادت و گواهی دادن
Sparse=existing only in small amounts sparse human population
sedentary=راکد-نشسته در یک جا-غیر مهاجر health problems caused by our sedentary lifestyles
in the wake of something= happening after sth. or as a result of sth.
In its wake= after of before
the odds are)=it is probability that...) he will commit crime again
ornamentation=تزیین- آرایش و پیرایش
volatileoppstablea volatile situation
eerily(adj)= strange and frightening
on the threshold of= at the beginning of
municipality=شهرداری
jammed traffic
with regard to this salient fact that the heavy traffic and its drawbacks have become a nettlesome matter
human body human mind human behavior
by virtue of=by means of-as a result of-taking advantage of
circumscribe(trans)= restrict
thwart=stop thwart government’s plans
notwithstanding=despite=in spite of something
ultimately=finally
deed=کردار-عمل زشت یا خوب
mislead=deceive=delude delude somebody into doing something
arrive at decisions
Its high time men ceased to regard women as ...
It’s high time a world code were created
shun=avoid shunned
conceivable=able to be believed or imagined every conceivable way inconceivable=unimaginable
government should conduct serious campaigns
staggering sums=vast sums of money
censorship
countless=many
dire consequences detrimental effects
positively=very
irreparable harm
belongs to the past
providing=if
keep pace with
segregated school-coeducational school
vice-versa
adolescence
so-called=به اصطلاح
They have only themselves to blame
squander=carelessly spend money, energy,...
No one can claim that....
There can hardly be a man who has not....
chronicproblem= مشکل مضمن-حاد
wage=دستمزد
uninhabitable
desecrate=بی حرمتی کردن به چیزی
revenue=income=در آمد یک کارخونه
children romping about=بالا پایین پریدن بچه ها-شیطونی کردن یچه ها
psychological wounds
juvenile delinquency=بزهکاری جوانان
surfeit of something=excess amount of something
sheer hypocrisy=ریاکاری-دورنگی
for=because=as
affluent=wealthy=rich
outlook of life=attitude towards life
mammon=money(به عنوان یه چیز بد)
unreasonable=illogical
reception=پذیرایی
educationists
aptitude=a natural skill
embark on a career
predecessor-successor
He became a citizen, therebygaining the right to vote
override=برتری جستن بر
wax and wane= increase and decrease over time waxed and waned
communal bathroom=دستشویی عمومی
Wages are low? wages are not enough
each student na each students
the arguments of the second group seemmore plausible
you get fat if you eat too much(no comma)
If it were not for his mother, he would not pass the exam.(one thing changes everything)
aged-old-senile
gravitate=متمایل شدن
provocative
undergo(v)=experience(v)
unravel=solve unraveled-unraveling
on the strength of=because of
superficial=سطحی
elusive=غبر قابل دسترس
pupil=student
contented=satisfied
procure=obtain sthing.
evade=طفره رفتن از...
barely= only with lot of effort-به سختی
ceaselessly
mirage=سراب-خیال
exempt from=معاف بودن از
Sequentially=یکی پس از دیگری
Top-notch= Having the highest quality or standard
Apprehensive about/that=concerning-concerned
well-off=rich, having a lot of money children from well-off families
thewell-to-do=rich families. a well-to-do person
Conspiracy=collusion Conspiracy of silence
Impulsive=بدون تصمیم قیلی-با عجله impulsive decisions
Intangible assets
Mercenary attitude-reasons=نگرش کاملا مادی
Make restitution=پرداخت غرامت
Inflation=تورم
An uphill struggle;/task=کار خیلی دشوار
Incurring s ones wrath=موجبات عصبانیت کسی را فراهم کردن
It may rise some eyebrows
customer goodwill=حسن نیت مشتری
succeeding generations
Make inroads into/onto something=having an important influence on something
tread lightly=آهسته قدم یرداشتن
A modicum of respect=کوچکترین احترامی
Slow and steady=آهسته و پیوسته
brace yourself=آماده شدن(ذهنی و فیزیکی)برای چیزی
Grasping at straws=بر اساس دلایل واهی استدلال کردن
craving for something=چیزی را بسیار خواستن –ویار چیزی را داشتن
Extenuating factors/circumstances
Become wary of something=آگاه شدن از چیزی
Create a niche=جاپای محکم درست کردن
be destitute of something=to be completely without something
trading banter with someone=شوخی کردن با کسی
reap the harvest=جمع آوری محصول
be apt to do something=tend to
Sleep-inducing
rustic charm
at one’s disposal=able for one’s use
whereby=by means of which, according to which که با توجه به آن
heretofore
ever after=for all time after something: they will marry and live happily ever after
per capita=سرانه
hygiene=بهداشت-حفظ الصحه
due to=because of something
just because=simply because
predispose=مستعد کردن کسی-زمینه را مهیا ساختن برای کسی
the lesser of two evils
corollary=the exact result of something
nurture=پرورش دادن
implicate in=دخیل بودن در
allowing for=according to
in somebody’s thrall=influenced or controlled by sb or sth تحت تاثیر چیزی بودن
hitherto=up to this time
vis-a-vis=in comparison with
ineluctable=unavoidable
the argument above is rife with
expound= to describe something using more details and...
recession=رکود اقتصادی
dissect=کالبد شکافی کردن
unwholesome=detrimental-unhealthy
explicate=to explain an idea in detail
thedemographics of a newspaper’s readership
reconnaissance
With Drugs Galore, ‘The Wolf of Wall Street’ Is Martin Scorsese’s Craziest Movie Galore=in large amounts