Ocr a Levelessay Guide

OCR A LEVELESSAY GUIDE

Date / Question / What is it asking for? / Case Studies.
Jan 2009 / With reference to specific river basins,
Examine how their management is often about balancing socio-economic and environmental needs. / Socio-economic needs include the demand for housing, jobs, energy, water, food and transportation systems.
Environmental needs include conservation, regeneration, sustainable management.
To achieve a balance between the needs, careful and detailed management is required.
With reference to specific coastal areas,
Examine how their management is often about balancing socio-economic and environmental needs. / Socio-economic needs include the demand for housing, jobs, energy, water, food and transportation systems.
Environmental needs include conservation, regeneration, sustainable management.
To achieve a balance between the needs, careful and detailed management is required. / 1. Development & Conflict
Bangladesh & Spain
2. Dubai, Borneo, Immingham & Tokyo
3. Frieston Shore (Managed Retreat)
4. Happisburgh Management
5. Coastal Management at SaltburnFlamborough
6. Christchurch Bay and management
7. Lyme Regis.
May 2009 / With reference to specific river basins, examine the need for management in resolving issues resulting from their development / Successful management requires an understanding of the physical processes that occur in river environments.
Detailed planning and management is often about balancing socio-economic and environmental needs.
Development issues include those associated with conflicting land uses.
With reference to specific coastal areas, examine the need for management in resolving issues resulting from their development / Successful management requires an understanding of the physical processes that occur in coastal areas.
Detailed planning and management is often about balancing socio-economic and environmental needs.
Development issues include those associated with conflicting land uses. / 1. Development & Conflict
Bangladesh & Spain
2. Dubai, Borneo, Immingham & Tokyo
3. Frieston Shore (Managed Retreat)
4. Happisburgh Management
5. Coastal Management at SaltburnFlamborough
6. Christchurch Bay and management
7. Lyme Regis.
Jan 2010 / With reference to located examples, describe and explain the impacts of flooding / Impacts include social (disruption to life/evacuation/ homelessness, disease, political unrest), economic (damage to buildings, loss of trade for businesses,
disruption to transport, insurance costs) and
environmental (channel modification, erosion of topsoil, loss of habitats). Scale of the impacts will also differ. May
also be positive impacts e.g. sediment deposition leading to fertile soils on floodplains.
With reference to located examples, describe and explain the different ways they can be protected from the effects of natural processes. / Socio-economic needs include the demand for housing, jobs, energy, water, food and transportation systems. Environmental needs include conservation, regeneration, and sustainable management. To achieve a balance between the needs, careful and detailed management is required. / 1. Development & Conflict
Bangladesh & Spain
2. Dubai, Borneo, Immingham & Tokyo
3. Frieston Shore (Managed Retreat)
4. Happisburgh Management
5. Coastal Management at SaltburnFlamborough
6. Christchurch Bay and management
7. Lyme Regis.
May 2010 / With reference to specific river basins, examine the factors effecting the development of landforms of fluvial deposition / Factors include slope angle, climate, sea level change, stream energy and sediment availability. Human factors, such as construction of wing dykes, may also be relevant. These factors act through the depositional processes to affect landform development. This may include initial formation and subsequent modification. Landforms include slip-off slopes, point bars, mid-channel bars, levees, deltas and flood plains. Answers should include description, explanation and comment, perhaps at the top end, on the importance of the factors concerned and/or their interrelationships.
With reference to specific coastal areas, examine the factors effecting the development of landforms of coastal deposition / Factors include wave type/characteristics, beach profile, and sea-level change. Human factors, such as groyne construction, may also be appropriate. These factors act
through the depositional processes to affect landform development. This may include initial formation and subsequent modification. Landforms include beaches, spits,
bars, tombolos, cuspate forelands, deltas, salt marshes and sand dunes. Answers should include description, explanation
and comment, perhaps at the top end, on the importance of the factors concerned and/or their inter-relationships. / 1)The Yorkshire Coastline – Saltburn to Flamborough Head
2)Different beach examples
a) Spit eg Orford Ness Suffolk
b) Tombolo, CHesil Beach, Dorset
c) Cuspate, Dungeness, Kent
d) Barrier Beack, Slapton sands Dorset
3. Christchurch Bay – Hurst Spit/Sediment Shores&sinks/
4. Sand Dunes at Harlech
5. Salt Marsh at
Jan 2011 / With reference to located examples, explain why successful river basin management requires and understanding of physical processes / Indicative content: Management may refer to flooding, conflicting land uses/human activities, development issues as well as broader basin management issues such as catchment hydrology. Physical processes include fluvial erosion/ transportation /deposition, flooding, weathering and mass movement. Understanding of these processes should inform management planning in order to achieve success, which may be short-term or long-term.
With reference to located examples, explain why successful coastal management requires and understanding of physical processes / Opportunities include resource exploitation, including agriculture, recreation and tourism.
Challenges include environmental constraints, costs/remoteness, and conflicts with indigenous populations. Relationships exist between the nature of the challenges and the desire/ability to overcome them in order for development to take place. This might reflect, for example, the value of resources and the technological advances enabling their exploitation. / 1. Development & Conflict
Bangladesh & Spain
2. Dubai, Borneo, Immingham & Tokyo
3. Frieston Shore (Managed Retreat)
4. Happisburgh Management
5. Coastal Management at SaltburnFlamborough
6. Christchurch Bay and management
7. Lyme Regis.
May 2011 / With reference to located examples, examine the management challenges associated with the development of river landscapes / Management may refer to flooding, conflicting land uses/human activities, development issues. Challenges may arise from the increasing density of population, difficulties of quantifying social and environmental costs/benefits, urbanisation, international rivers and conflicts between human uses, possibly upstream/downstream. Management needs to be careful and balance socio-economic and environmental needs if it is to be sustainable.
With reference to located examples, examine the management challenges associated with the development of coastal areas / Management may refer to coastal protection, conflicting land uses/human activities, development issues. Challenges may arise from the increasing density of population, urbanisation, growth of tourism, difficulties of quantifying social and environmental costs/benefits, international coastlines and conflicts between human uses, possibly updrift /downdrift. Rising sea level and increased wave erosion may also be considered. Management needs to be careful and balance socio-economic and environmental needs if it is to be sustainable. / 1. Development & Conflict
Bangladesh & Spain
2. Dubai, Borneo, Immingham & Tokyo
3. Frieston Shore (Managed Retreat)
4. Happisburgh Management
5. Coastal Management at SaltburnFlamborough
6. Christchurch Bay and management
7. Lyme Regis.
Jan 2012 / With reference to located examples, examine ways in which river basins can be a multi-use resource / River basins can be a multi-use resource due
to the range of opportunities that exist for a
number of human activities. These include:
Industrial development
Agriculture/forestry
Transportation
Residential development
Energy development
Water supply
Recreation and leisure
Conservation.
These exist due to the presence of factors
such as:
Flat land
Fertile soil
Presence of water
Attractive scenery
Access to the sea
Rare habitats
Government/private finance.
With reference to located examples, examine ways in which coastal areas can be a valuable resource / Coastal areas provide resource opportunities for a number of different human activities.
Resources include: Flat land / Presence of water / Fish
Sand/gravel/minerals
Safe/deep harbours
Tidal/wave/wind energy
Attractive scenery
Access to other countries/areas
Rare habitats
Government/private finance.
These resources are valuable as they can be
used for:
Industrial development
Transportation
Residential development
Energy development
Water supply
Recreation and leisure
Conservation. / 1. Development & Conflict
Bangladesh & Spain
2. Dubai, Borneo, Immingham & Tokyo
Jan 2013 / With reference to one or more river basins, describe the conflicts which exist between different land uses and explain how they can be managed. / Land uses might include industry, residential, recreation, transportation, resource extraction, conservation. Conflicts occur when different users are looking to occupy the same / adjacent land. Views and opinions of different groups are relevant. Flood/erosion protection strategies may lead to conflict between the different land uses affected.
Management strategies include land use zoning, education, environmental protection legislation.
With reference to one or more coastal areas, describe the conflicts which exist between different human activities and explain how they can be managed. / Human activities might include industry, settlement, recreation, transportation, resource extraction, conservation. Conflicts occur due to shortage of suitable locations or incompatibility of human activities. Coastal protection strategies may lead to conflict between the different activities affected. Management strategies include land use zoning, education, environmental protection legislation. / 1. Development & Conflict
Bangladesh & Spain
2. Dubai, Borneo, Immingham & Tokyo
3. Frieston Shore (Managed Retreat)
4. Happisburgh Management
5. Coastal Management at SaltburnFlamborough
6. Christchurch Bay and management
7. Lyme Regis.
May 2013 / With reference to one or more river basins, examine factors that influence flood risk in river basins / Physical factors include steep relief, impermeable rock, heavy rainfall, spring snow melt, wet antecedent conditions, basin shape/size. Human factors include urbanisation, deforestation, building on flood plains, which increases risk.
A valid link to flood risk is how the factor leadings to rivers over-topping their banks, perhaps due to rapid surface run-off.
Factors that reduce flood risk, such as increasing channel capacity, are also valid.
Examine requires comment, perhaps about relative importance, inter-relationship or variability of factors.
Storm surges, high tides may also be relevant near mouth.
With reference to one or more coastal areas, examine the issues associated with different coastal protection methods. / Issues include cost, visual appearance, accessibility, effectiveness, environmental impact, maintenance, views and opinions of locals, potential conflicts with other activities/locations.
Different methods include active intervention (hard/soft engineering) and managed retreat.
Examine requires comment, perhaps about significance of issues or contrasts between different methods. / 3. Frieston Shore (Managed Retreat)
4. Happisburgh Management
5. Coastal Management at SaltburnFlamborough
6. Christchurch Bay and management
7. Lyme Regis.