1Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional De Ciencias Biológicas. Plan De Ayala

To split or not to split: An opinion on dividing the Burkholderia genus. Annals of Microbiology. Estrada-de los Santos P1*, Rojas-Rojas FU1, Tapia-García EY1, Hirsch AM2, María Soledad Vásquez-Murrieta1.

1Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas. Plan de Ayala y Carpio s/n. Col. Santo Tomás, Del. Cuauhtémoc, México, D.F.

2Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, and 3Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA.

*Corresponding author:

Supplementary Table 1. List of Burkholderia species described up to September 2015.

Burkholderia species, type strain / Isolation source, location and year (no. of strains in original description) / Habitat
(other) / Relevant feature / Reference
B. acidipaludis*
SA33 / Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trin. ex Hensch., Vietnam 2010 (2) / Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trin. ex Hensch in Thailand / Aluminum tolerant, nifH present but N-fixation unknown / (Aizawa et al. 2010b)
B. andropogonis*
ATCC 23061 / Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, USA 1911 (22) / Different monocots and dicots plants / Pathogen for a wide range of monocots and dicots plants / (Smith 1911; Gillis et al. 1995)
B. aspalathi*
LMG 27731 / Aspalathus abietina Thunb. root nodules, South Africa 2014 (1) / No nodulation or N-fixation activity was tested / (Mavengere et al. 2014)
B. australis‡
Q208A / Sugarcane roots, Australia 2014 (1) / PGPR, nif genes were detected but no N-fixation activity tested / (Paungfoo-Lonhienne et al. 2014)
Supplementary Table 1: Continued.
B. bannensis*
E25 / Panicum repens L. roots, Thailand 2011 (2) / nifH present but N-fixation unknown / (Aizawa et al. 2011)
B. bryophila*
1S18 / Sphagnum rubellum Wilson, Germany 2007 (14) / Aulacomnium palustre (Hedw.) Schwagr. permanent grassland, agricultural soil / Antifungal activity / (Opelt and Berg 2004; Vandamme et al. 2007)
B. caballeronis†
TNe-841 / Tomato rhizosphere, Mexico 2007 (12) / Free and nodule N-fixer in Phaseolus vulgaris L., benzene degrader, siderophore producer / (Caballero-Mellado et al. 2007; Martínez-Aguilar et al. 2013)
B. caledonica*
LMG 19076 / Soil rhizosphere, UK 2001 (7) / ACC-deaminase activity / (Coenye et al. 2001a; Onofre-Lemus et al. 2009)
B. caribensis*
MWAP64 / Vertisol, Martinique Islands 1999 (21) / Mimosa root nodules / Exopolysaccharide producer, form root nodules in legumes, ACC-deaminase activity / (Achouak et al. 1999; Chen et al. 2003; Onofre-Lemus et al. 2009)
B. caryophylli†
ATCC 25418 / Dianthus caryophyllus L., USA 1942 (1) / Dianthus caryophyllus L. from different countries / Causes wilt, root and root rot on carnation, free N-fixer, ACC-deaminase activity / (Yabuuchi et al. 1992; Glagoleva et al. 1996; Onofre-Lemus et al. 2009)
Supplementary Table 1: Continued.
B. choica*
LMG 22940 / Grass rhizosphere, Netherlands 2003 (2) / (Vandamme et al. 2013)
B. cordobensis*
LMG 27620 / Agricultural soil, Argentina 2014 (3) / (Draghi et al. 2014)
B. dabaoshanensis‡
GIMN1.004 / Mine soil, China 2012 (1) / Heavy metal tolerant / (Zhu et al. 2012)
B. denitrificans†
KIS30-44 / Forest soil, Korea 2012 (1) / Reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas / (Lee et al. 2012)
B. diazotrophica*
DPU-3 / Mimosa candollei R. Grether nodules, Brazil 2012 (5) / Mimosa tenuiflora Benth. and M. pudica L. / Nodule N-fixer / (Sheu et al. 2013)
B. dilworthii*
WSM3556 / Lebeckia ambigua E. Mey. root nodules, South Africa 2014 (3) / Nodule N-fixer / (De Meyer et al. 2014)
B. dipogonis*
ICMP 19430 / Dipogon lignosus (L.) Verdc. Root nodules, New Zealand (7) / Podalyriae and Hypocalyptus root nodules / Nodule N-fixer / (Sheu et al. 2015)
B. eburnea*
RR11 / Peat soil, Russia 2014 (1) / (Kang et al. 2014)
B. endofungorum*
HKI 456 / Rhizopus microsporus Tieghem from ground nuts, Mozambique 2007 (1) / Rice seedling blight causal agent, antitumor rhizoxin producer / (Partida-Martinez et al. 2005; 2007)
B. ferrariae*
FeGl01 / Iron ore mine, Brazil 2002 (1) / Phosphate solubilizer, free N-fixer / (Valverde et al. 2006; Martínez-Aguilar et al. 2008)
Supplementary Table 1: Continued.
B. fungorum*
LMG 16225 / Phanerochaete chrysosporium, France 1993 (9) / CF and non CF patient, animal, soil, plant associated / ACC-deaminase activity, free N-fixer / (Coenye et al. 2001a; Onofre-Lemus et al. 2009, da Silva et al. 2012)
B. ginsengisoli*
KMY03 / Ginseng soil, South Korea 2006 (1) / b-glucosidase activity, initially named B. koreensis / (Kim et al. 2006)
B. ginsengiterrae‡
DCY5 / Soil of a ginseng field, Republic of Korea 2014 (1) / Antagonist of Cylindrocarpon destructans / (Farh et al. 2014)
B. gladioli†
ATCC 10248 / Gladioli sp., USA 1913 (1) / CF and non CF patient, animal / Causes rot on Gladiolus, elicits ISR / (Severini 1913; Yabuuchi et al. 1992; Clode et al. 1999; Foley et al. 2004; Boyanton et al. 2005; Park et al. 2008)
B. glathei*
ATCC 29195 / Fossil lateritic soil, Germany 1975 (2) / Agricultural soil / Improve plant mineral uptake, mecoprop-degrading bacteria / (Hikichi 1993; Urakami et al. 1994; Vandamme et al. 1997; Viallard et al. 1998; Gupta et al. 2004; Calvaruso et al. 2006; Zakaria et al. 2007)
B. glumae*
LMG 2196 / Oryza sativa L. grain, Japan 1967 (1) / Rice seedling and grain rot causal agent, lipase producer / (Hikichi 1993; Urakami et al. 1994; Gupta et al. 2004)
Supplementary Table 1: Continued.
B. graminis*
C4D1M / Maize root system, 1998 France (19) / Wheat, soil / ACC-deaminase activity / (Viallard et al. 1998; Onofre-Lemus et al. 2009; Tian et al. 2013)
B. grimmiae*
R27 / Grimmia montana Bruch & Schimp., China 2013 (1) / (Tian et al. 2013)
B. heleia*
SA41 / Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trin. ex Hensch, Vietnam 2010 (3) / Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trin. ex Hensch in Thailand / Free N-fixer / (Aizawa et al. 2010a)
B. hospita*
LMG 20598 / Soil, 2002 Belgium (29) / 2,4-D degrader / (Goris et al. 2002)
B. humi‡
Rs7 / Peat soil, Russia 2013 (1) / (Srinivasan et al. 2013)
B. humi*
LMG 22934 / Grass rhizosphere, Netherlands 2003 (6) / (Vandamme et al. 2013)
B. humisilvae*
Y-12 / Forest soil, Korea 2015 (3) / (Lee and Whang 2015)
B. insulsa*
PNG-April / Sediment, Papua New Guinea 2014 (1) / Arsenic tolerant bacteria, it contains respiratory quinones Q-8 and Q-7 / (Rusch et al. 2015)
B. jiangsuensis*
MP-1T / Methyl parathion contaminated soil, China 2014 (1) / Methyl parathion degrader / (Liu et al. 2014)
Supplementary Table 1: Continued.
B. kirstenboschensis‡
Kb15 / Virgilia oroboides (P.J.) T.M. Salter, root nodules, South Africa (12) / Hypocalyptus sophoroides (P.J. Bergius) Baill, H. oxalidifolius (Sims) Phyllips), H. coluteoides (Lam.) R. Dahlgren / Nodules appear effective / (Beukes et al. 2015, Steenkamp et al. 2015)
B. kururiensis*
KP23 / TCE-polluted acquifer sample, Japan 1996 (1) / Rice / TCE degrader, Free N-fixer, P-solubilizer, siderophore producer, ACC-deaminase activity / (Baldani et al. 2000; Zhang et al. 2000; Estrada-de los Santos et al. 2001; Anandham et al. 2008; Martínez-Aguilar et al. 2008; Onofre-Lemus et al. 2009)
B. megalochromosomata*
JC2949 / Grassland soil, Korea 2014 (1) / (Opelt and Berg 2004; Vandamme et al. 2007; Baek et al. 2015)
B. megapolitana*
A3 / Aulacomnium palustre (Hedw.) Schwagr., Germany 2007 (3) / Antifungal activity / (Opelt and Berg 2004; Vandamme et al. 2007)
B. metalliresistens‡
D414 / Polluted paddy soil, China 2015 (1) / Metal resistant / (Guo et al. 2015)
B. mimosarum*
PAS44 / Mimosa pigra L. root nodules, Taiwan 2005 (14) / Mimosa scabrella Benth. root nodules / Nodule N-fixer / (Chen et al. 2005a; Chen et al. 2006)
Supplementary Table 1: Continued.
B. monticola*
JC2948 / Soil, Korea 2014 (1) / (Baek et al. 2014)
B. nodosa*
Br3437 / Mimosa scabrella L. root nodules, Brazil 2005 (3) / Mimosa bimucromata (DC.) Kuntze root nodules / Nodule and free N-fixer / (Chen et al. 2005b; Chen et al. 2007, da Silva et al. 2012)
B. oxyphila*
OX-01 / Forest soil, Japan 2011 (1) / Catabolizes (+)-catechin into taxifolin / (Otsuka et al. 2011)
B. panaciterrae‡
DCY85-1 / Soil of a ginseng field, Republic of Korea 2014 (1) / Antagonist of Cylindrocarpon destructans / (Farh et al. 2014)
B. phenazinium*
LMG 2247 / Soil enriched with threonine, 1973(1) / Phenazine and iodinin producer / (Bell and Turner 1973; Viallard et al. 1998; Mavrodi et al. 2001;)
B. phenoliruptrix†
AC1100 / Isolated from successive plating from a chemostat inoculated with waste-dumping and 2,4,5-T, USA 1981 (1) / 2,4,5-T degrader, ACC-deaminase activity, nodule N-fixer / (Kellogg 1981; Coenye et al. 2004; Onofre-Lemus et al. 2009; Zuleta et al. 2014)
B. phymatum†
STM815 / Machaerium lunatum (L.f.) Ducke nodules, French Guiana 2001 (1) / Mimosa spp. / Free and nodule N-fixer, ACC-deaminase activity / (Trinick 1980; Vandamme et al. 2002a; Elliott et al. 2007a; b; Onofre-Lemus et al. 2009)
Supplementary Table 1: Continued.
B. phytofirmans*
PsJN / Glomus vesiculiferum-infected onion roots contaminant, Canada 1954 (8) / Bulk and rhizosphere of maize and grass plants / PGPR, ACC-deaminase activity / (King et al. 1954; Sessitsch et al. 2005; Barka et al. 2006; Onofre-Lemus et al. 2009)
B. plantarii*
LMG 9035 / Oryza sativa L., Japan 1987 (1) / Soil / Rice seedling blight causal agent / (Azegami et al. 1987; Urakami et al. 1994)
B. rhizosphaerae*
WR43 / Soil, Korea 2015 (1) / (Lee and Whang 2015)
B. rhizoxinica*
HKI 454 / Rhizopus microsporus van Tieghem var. chinensis infecting rice seedlings, Japan 2007 (1) / Rice seedling blight causal agent, antitumor rhizoxin producer / (Martinez and Hertweck 2005; Partida-Martinez et al. 2005; 2007)
B. rhynchosiae*
62417 / Rhynchosia ferulifolia Harv. nodules, South Africa 2004 (2) / Nodule N-fixer / (De Meyer et al. 2013b)
B. rinojensis‡
A396 / Soil, Japan 2008 (1) / Insecticidal and miticidal activity / (Cordova-Kreylos et al. 2013)
B. sabiae*
Br3407 / Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. nodules, Brazil 2008 (2) / Nodule N-fixer / (Chen et al. 2005a; Chen et al. 2008)
B. sacchari*
IPT101 / Sugar cane plantation soil, Brazil 2000 (1) / PHA producer / (Silva et al. 2000; Brämer et al. 2001)
B. sartisoli*
RP007 / Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated soil, New Zealand 1995 (3) / Compost heap and maize rhizosphere / PAH degrader / (Vanlaere et al. 2008b)
Supplementary Table 1: Continued.
B. solisilvae*
Y-47 / Forest soil, Korea 2015 (1) / (Lee and Whang 2015)
B. sediminicola*
HU2-65WE / Fresh water sediment, South Korea 2008 (1) / (Lim et al. 2008)
B. silvatlantica*
SRMrh-20 / Maize rhizosphere, Brazil 2006 (21) / Sugar cane, pineapple / Free N-fixer, ACC-deaminase activity / (Perin et al. 2006a, b; Martínez-Aguilar et al. 2008; Onofre-Lemus et al. 2009)
B. soli*
GP25-8 / Ginseng soil, South Korea 2007 (1) / (Yoo et al. 2007)
B. sordidicola*
KCTC 12081 / Phanerochaete sordida, South Korea 2003 (2) / (Lim et al. 2003)
B. sprentiae*
WSM5005 / Lebeckia ambigua E. Mey. nodules, South Africa 2007 (7) / Nodule N-fixer / (De Meyer et al. 2013a)
B. symbiotica*
JPY-345 / Mimosa cordistipula Benth. nodules, Brazil 2010 (4) / Mimosa misera / Nodule N-fixer / (Sheu et al. 2012)
B. telluris*
LMG 22936 / Maize field, Netherlands 2003 (2) / (Vandamme et al. 2013)
B. terrae*
KMY02 / Forest soil, South Korea 2006 (1) / Free N-fixer / (Yang et al. 2006)
B. terrestris*
LMG 22937 / Maize field, Netherlands 2003 (1) / (Vandamme et al. 2013)
B. terricola*
LMG 20594 / Soil, Belgium 2002 (17) / 2,4-D degrader, ACC-deaminase activity / (Goris et al. 2002; Onofre-Lemus et al. 2009)
Supplementary Table 1: Continued.
B. tropica*
Ppe8 / Sugar cane stem, Brazil 2004 (41) / Maize, teosinte, tomato rhizosphere and plant material, activated sludge, human blood / Free N-fixer, P-solubilizer, siderophore producer / (Estrada-de los Santos et al. 2001; Reis et al. 2004; Caballero-Mellado et al. 2007; Martínez-Aguilar et al. 2008; Deris et al. 2010)
B. tuberum†
STM678 / Aspalathus carnosa Bergius nodules, South Africa 1976 (1) / Aspalathus callosa L., Cyclopia spp. / Nodule and free N-fixer, ACC-deaminase activity, P-solubilizer, siderophore producer / (Vandamme et al. 2002a; Elliott et al. 2007a; Onofre-Lemus et al. 2009; Angus et al. 2013)
B. udeis*
LMG 27134 / Naphthalene contaminated soil, USA 2003 (3) / (Vandamme et al. 2013)
B. unamae*
MTl-641 / Maize rhizosphere, Mexico 2001 (20) / Sugar cane, tomato, coffee rhizosphere and plant material / Free N-fixer, phenol and benzene degrader, siderophore producer, P-solubilizer, ACC-deaminase activity / (Estrada-de los Santos et al. 2001; Caballero-Mellado et al. 2004; Caballero-Mellado et al. 2007; Martínez-Aguilar et al. 2008; Onofre-Lemus et al. 2009)
Supplementary Table 1: Continued.
B. xenovorans*
LB400 / PCB contaminated soil, USA 1986 (3) / Coffee and tomato rhizosphere, human blood / PCB degrader, Free N-fixer, siderophore producer, ACC-deaminase activity / (Estrada-de los Santos et al. 2001; Goris et al. 2004; Caballero-Mellado et al. 2007; Martínez-Aguilar et al. 2008; Onofre-Lemus et al. 2009)
B. zhejiangensis*
OP-1 / Wastewater treatment system, China 2008 (1) / (Lu et al. 2012)
Burkholderia pseudomallei group
B. oklahomensis*
C6786 / Wound infection, USA 1973 (4) / Soil / Less virulent than B. pseudomallei / (Glass et al. 2006)
B. pseudomallei†
ATCC 23343 / Human autopsy, Burma 1911 (1) / Water, soils, animals / Meliodosis causal agent, potential warfare agent / (Whitmore and Krishnaswami 1912; Yabuuchi et al. 1992; Rotz et al. 2002)
B. thailandensis*
E264 / Rice field soil, Thailand 1994 (1) / Water, soil, human / Less virulent than B. pseudomallei / (Smith et al. 1995; Wuthiekanun et al. 1996; Brett et al. 1998)
B. mallei†
ATCC 23344 / Human glanders, 1885 (1) / Horses, mules, donkeys / Glanders causal agent, potential biowarfare weapon / (Yabuuchi et al. 1992; Rotz et al. 2002; Ong et al. 2004)
Supplementary Table 1: Continued.
Burkholderia cepacia complex
Genomovar I
B. cepacia*
ATCC 25416 / Allium cepa L., USA 1949 (1) / Non CF patient, soil, rhizosphere soil, water / Low prevalence in CF patients, ACC-deaminase activity / (Burkholder 1950; Palleroni and Holmes 1981; Yabuuchi et al. 1992; Onofre-Lemus et al. 2009)
Genomovar II
B. multivorans*
LMG 13010 / CF patient, Belgium 1992 (15) / Non CF patient, soil, hospital flower vase / Second most common CF pathogen, PGPR / (Vandamme et al. 1997; Mahenthiralingam et al. 2005; Li et al. 2013)
Genomovar III
B. cenocepacia†
J2315 / CF patient, UK 1989 (14) / Non CF patient, plant, soil, rhizosphere soil, animal / Major CF pathogen, ACC-deaminase activity / (Berriatua et al. 2001; Vandamme et al. 2003; Baldwin et al. 2007; Onofre-Lemus et al. 2009)
Genomovar IV
B. stabilis†
LMG 14294 / CF patient, Belgium 1993 (21) / Not major prevalence among CF patients, ACC-deaminase activity / (Vandamme et al. 2000; Onofre-Lemus et al. 2009)
Genomovar V
B. vietnamiensis*
TVV75 / Oryza sativa L. rhizosphere, Vietnam 1990 (12) / Blood, neck abscess, CF patient / Low prevalence in CF patients, free N-fixer, PGPR, ACC-deaminase activity / (Gillis et al. 1995; Van et al. 2000; Govindarajan et al. 2006; 2008; Martínez-Aguilar et al. 2008; Onofre-Lemus et al. 2009; da Silva Araújo et al. 2013)
Supplementary Table 1: Continued.
Genomovar VI
B. dolosa*
LMG 18943 / CF patient, USA 2004 (18) / Rhizosphere soil / Major prevalence in CF patients / (Vermis et al. 2004)
Genomovar VII
B. ambifaria*
AMMD / Pea rhizosphere, USA 1985 (19) / CF patient, soil / Biocontrol strain, two strains registered for biopesticidal use in USA, ACC-deaminase activity / (Coenye et al. 2001b; Parke and Gurian-Sherman 2001; Onofre-Lemus et al. 2009)
Genomovar VIII
B. anthina†
LMG 20980 / Rhizosphere soil, USA 1997 (19) / CF patients, animals, soil, river water / Low prevalence in CF patients / (Vandamme et al. 2002b)
Genomovar IX
B. pyrrocinia*
ATCC 15958 / Soil, Japan 1965 (23) / Maize rhizosphere, stream sediment, CF patient / Low prevalence in CF patients, PGPR / (Viallard et al. 1998; Storms et al. 2004; Madhaiyan et al. 2010)
B. ubonensis†
EY3383 / Soil, Thailand 1989 (1) / CF patient / (Yabuuchi et al. 2000; Vanlaere et al. 2008a)
B. arboris*
LMG 24066 / Arboretum soil, USA 2008 (17) / CF and non CF patient, industrial contaminant, river, rhizosphere / (Vanlaere et al. 2008a)
B. contaminans*
LMG 23361 / Sheep with mastitis, Spain 2000 (9) / CF patient, plant rhizosphere, soil / Antifungal activity, free N-fixer / (Chen et al. 2013, da Silva et al. 2012)
Supplementary Table 1: Continued.
B. diffusa*
LMG 24065 / CF patient, USA 2008 (14) / Non CF blood, environment, soil, water / (Vanlaere et al. 2008a)
B. lata*
383 / Forest soil, Trinidad 1958 (11) / CF patient, river water, flower, soil / Free N-fixer / (Vanlaere et al. 2009, da Silva et al. 2012)
B. latens*
LMG 24064 / CF patient, Italy 2008 (6) / (Vanlaere et al. 2008a)
B. metallica*
LMG 24068 / CF patient, USA 2008 (5) / (Vanlaere et al. 2008a)
B. seminalis*
LMG 24067 / CF patient, USA 2008 (21) / Environment, sugar cane, rice seed surface / (Vanlaere et al. 2008a)
B. stagnalis*
LMG 28156 / Soil, Australia 2006 (8) / (De Smet et al. 2015)
B. territorii*
LMG 28158 / Water, Australia 2008 (4) / (De Smet et al. 2015)
B. pseudomultivorans†
LMG 26883 / CF sputum, USA 2001 (11) / Rhizosphere, non-CF sputum / (Peeters et al. 2013)

*Published in the IJSEM. †Published elsewhere the IJSEM but validated. ‡Not validated. N-fixing, nitrogen fixing bacteria. PGPR, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. CF, cystic fibrosis. TCE, trichloroethylene. 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. PHA, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 2,4-D, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. PCB, polychlorinated biphenyls. P, phosphate. ISR, induced systemic resistance. ACC, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate.